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Principals of Evolution > 8/31 notes > Flashcards

8/31 notes Flashcards

1
Q

phylogeny

A

a diagram depicting evolutionary relationships

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2
Q

what does a phylogeny look like?

A

often looks like a tree, so it can also be called a phylogenetic tree

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3
Q

speciation

A

through time, evolutionary lineages (species) can persist, go extinct, or give rise to new lineages

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4
Q

tree parts

A
  • node
  • internode
  • tip
  • root
  • outgroup
  • ingroup
  • polytomy
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5
Q

groups

A
  • monophyly
  • clade
  • paraphyly
  • sister taxa
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6
Q

trait similarity

A
  • homology
  • homoplasy
  • coonvergence
  • parallelism
  • reversal
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7
Q

types of traits

A
  • apomorphy
  • synapomorphy
  • plesiomorphy
  • symplesiomorphy
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8
Q

apomorphy trait type

A

derived traits

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9
Q

synapomorphy trait type

A

shared & derived traits

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10
Q

plesiomorphy trait type

A

ancestral traits

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11
Q

symplesiomorphy trait type

A

shared & ancestral traits

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12
Q

common name for internodes

A

branches

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13
Q

taxon

A

a formally named group of organisms such as a species, genus, or family

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14
Q

nodes

A

branching points in a phylogenetic tree, most recent common ancestor of two or more groups

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15
Q

what do nodes connect?

A

sister taxa

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16
Q

what do nodes represent?

A
  • ancestors
  • where one lineage splits into two or more descendants
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17
Q

how to interpret a tree

A

look for common ancestors and the descendants of those common ancestors

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18
Q

clade

A
  • all the descendants of a common ancestor
  • also called monophyletic groups
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19
Q

all extant members of a clade are …

A

equally related to the most common ancestor

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20
Q

does rotating nodes alter relationships?

A

no

21
Q

does pruning a tree alter realtionships?

A

no

22
Q

can tree be drawn in different ways?

A

yes

23
Q

four main types of phylogenetic trees?

A
  • diagonal up
  • diagonal down
  • rectangular
  • circle
24
Q

hard polytomy

A

simultaneous divergence

25
Q

soft polytomy

A

unresolved relationships

26
Q

monophyletic group

A

all the descendants of a common ancestor

27
Q

another term for monophyletic group

A

clade

28
Q

paraphyletic group

A

an ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants

29
Q

if there is a problem with paraphyly, why does paraphyly persist?

A
  • tradition
  • adaptive zones
30
Q

polyphyletic group

A

a group is not monophyletic and does not include the common ancestor. This is always a mistake, and the features used to define such groups are usually convergently evolved

31
Q

homology

A

a trait in two or more taxa that was inherited from a common ancestor

32
Q

homoplasy

A

similarity found in different species that is due to convergent evolution, parallelism, or reversal
(not a common ancestor)

33
Q

short hand definition of homoplasy

A

false homology, or analogy

34
Q

the three causes of homoplasy

A
  • convergent evolution
  • parallelism
  • reversal
35
Q

convergent evolution

A

similarity between species that is caused by a similar, but evolutionary independent, response to a common set of selection pressures

36
Q

parallel evolution

A
  • convergent within a species or between closely related species
  • differs from convergent evolution because related species can take advantage of the same developmental mechanisms or gene flow
37
Q

homoplasy reversal

A

loss of a trait –> trait re-evolved

38
Q

homoplasy reversal example

A

larvae –> loss of larvae –> larvae re-evolved

39
Q

shared traits

A

present in two or more taxa

40
Q

derived traits

A

change from the ancestral condition

41
Q

synapomorphy

A
  • shared, derived traits
  • provides evidence of common descent
42
Q

automorphy

A
  • a derived character found in only one taxon in a tree
  • does not provide evidence for relationships
43
Q

plesiomorphy

A
  • ancestral trait
  • shared ancestral characters are a means of phenotypic similarity, but do not provide evidence of common ancestor
44
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

a means of similarity, but does not define clades

45
Q

taxa defined by symplesiomorphy are often …

A

paraphyletic

46
Q

the three kinds of similarity

A
  • symplesiomorphies
  • synapomorphies
  • homoplasy
47
Q

only ________ provide evidence of _________________

A

evidence, common ancestry

48
Q

why phylogeny is hard to reconstruct

A

there are many ways to look similar, but only some kinds of similarity provide evidence for common ancestry

Principals of Evolution (18 decks)

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