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DISP Biology > Tree of Life: Evolutionary Relationships > Flashcards

Tree of Life: Evolutionary Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the tree of life?

A

the interconnection of all life on our planet

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2
Q

What does the tree of life serve as a metaphor for?

A

common descent in the evolutionary sense

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3
Q

What is classification?

A

putting things into groups (classes)

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4
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

science of naming and classifying organisms

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5
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

evolutionary history of species, or species groups, including the splitting of lineages

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6
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

hypothesis about evolutionary relationships within a set of species or groups of species

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7
Q

What is systematics?

A

science of working out relationships

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8
Q

What is a taxon (plural taxa)?

A

species or group of species

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9
Q

What is cladistics?

A

method that groups species based on features they share due to common ancestry?

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10
Q

How are organisms grouped in cladistics?

A

by common descent

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11
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

phylogenetic tree that is produced following approach of cladistics

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12
Q

What is a cladogram a hypothesis for?

A

how lineages split during evolution

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13
Q

What are clades (in a cladogram)?

A

group containing an ancestral species and ALL of its descendants

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14
Q

What are clades nested within?

A

clades

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15
Q

What is the main difference between a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree?

A 
cladogram = HYPOTHESIS about actual evolutionary history of a group & branch lengths don't indicate anything but order;
phylogenies = true evolutionary history & branch lengths indicate closeness of relationship
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16
Q

What give clues to/show common descent?

A

homologous characters

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17
Q

What are shared derived characters?

A

evolutionary novelty unique to a particular group;

shared by all members but NOT found in ancestors

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18
Q

What do shared derived characters reveal?

A

common descent

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19
Q

What are shared derived characters shared among?

A

all members of one group of the line but NOT found in ancestors

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20
Q

What types of homologous characters are there?

A

shared derived characters;

shared ancestral characters

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21
Q

From where did shared ancestral characters originate?

A

in an ancestor

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22
Q

In what organisms are shared ancestral characters found?

A

all descendent species AND their ancestor

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23
Q

Of the 2 types of homologous characters, which is not as useful in determining evolutionary relationships?

A

shared ancestral characters

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24
Q

What should shared derived characters have?

A

the same structure and function

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25
Q

In comparing fish and mammals, fish have scales and mammals have hair. What kind of character is having hair for mammals and why?

A

having hair = derived character for mammmals;

since only mammals have ancestors with hair

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26
Q

What is homology?

A

existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different species

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27
Q

What is homoplasy?

A

formation of homologous tissues;

structures look alike regardless of homology or analogy

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28
Q

What is analogy?

A

comparison of two things based generally on their structure

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29
Q

How many organisms are needed for homology, and what does homology indicate about them?

A

2+;

recent common ancestor

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30
Q

What do analogous structures do?

A

perform similar functions

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31
Q

What does analogy indicate about two species?

A

may or may not have a recent common ancestor

32
Q

What does homoplasy indicate about two species?

A

nothing - structures look alike regardless of homology or analogy

33
Q

What does it mean when homology, analogy, and homoplasy all converge (SEE VENN DIAGRAM)?

A

?

34
Q

Distinguish between homology, homoplasy, and analogy?

A

homology: similarity in origin (implies common ancestor);
homoplasy: similarity in appearance but not origin;
analogy: similarity in function but not in origin

35
Q

Which of analogies, homoplasy, and homologies are likely results of convergent evolution?

A

analogies and homoplasy

36
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

the historical development of groups of organisms so as to depict descent from ancestors

37
Q

What is the depiction of phylogeny called?

A

phylogenetic tree

38
Q

What is the term for branches on a phylogenetic tree?

A

clades

39
Q

What are organisms analyzed on in cladistic phylogeny and what is it used to determine?

A

analyzed on the basis of characteristics they share;

in order to determine their ancestor-descendent relationship

40
Q

What do shorter links between groups in a phylogenetic tree indicate?

A

a closer relationship

41
Q

How can we use morphological data to determine common ancestry?

A

look for similar characteristics;

use morphological data to distinguish

42
Q

What are three types of molecular data we can use to determine common ancestry?

A

mutation rates, neutral genes, highly-conserved genes

43
Q

How can mutation rates be used to determine common ancestry?

A

higher rate (?) = more mutations = greater distance between species

44
Q

What is the problem with using mutations to determine common ancestry (and example)?

A

one mutation can cause a change and another can bring it back;
even though 2 mutations have happened (implying greater distance b/w species), it looks like none (implying closer relationship);
ex: black/white moths during industrial revolution

45
Q

What are neutral genes?

A

genes that don’t do anything;

have coding sequences but are not expressed

46
Q

How can neutral genes be used to determine common ancestry?

A

look at mutations and compare between species (?)

47
Q

What are highly-conserved genes?

A

genes that don’t mutate - have very few changes

48
Q

What are poorly-conserved genes?

A

genes with a lot of variation/mutations

49
Q

What are highly-conserved genes useful for and why?

A

have rare changes;

useful to differentiate between large groups of organisms

50
Q

What do branch lengths in a cladogram indicate?

A

order;

not time or degree of evolutionary change

51
Q

What is one valid clade (give the term term)?

A

monophyletic

52
Q

What clades are missing some descendents?

A

paraphyletic clades

53
Q

What do species in polyphyletic clades have?

A

different ancestors

54
Q

What does a monophyletic clade include?

A

a common ancestor and ALL of its descendants (i.e. a clade);

“one cut” off the tree of life

55
Q

What does a paraphyletic clade include?

A

a common ancestor and SOME of its descendants (i.e. a clade minus some groups)

56
Q

What does a polyphyletic clade include?

A

a group composed of a number of organisms which might bear some similarities, but does not include the most recent common ancestor of all the member organisms

57
Q

What are ingroups?

A

the various species being studied

58
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

a species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup, but has diverged before the ingroup

59
Q

What is a sister group?

A

outgroup

60
Q

Why do systematists compare ingroup species with the outgroup?

A

to differentiate between shared derived and shared ancestral characteristics

61
Q

What are the steps to constructing a cladogram?

A
  1. examine taxa and note shared derived character
  2. prepare character matrix
  3. make cladogram that is consisten with character matrix
62
Q

What are the two rules for choosing the best tree?

A

maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood

63
Q

What does maximum parsimony mean in terms of choosing the best tree and why is it a rule?

A

choose the tree that requires the FEWEST evolutionary events;
because it’s the most likely tree

64
Q

What does maximum likelihood mean in terms of choosing the best tree?

A

choose the tree that reflects the MOST LIKELY sequence of evolutionary events

65
Q

What does the maximum likelihood rule of choosing the best tree use?

A

rules about how DNA sequences tend to change over time

66
Q

What can DNA similarity be used for?

A

tod etermine the relative amount of genetic change

67
Q

What can the fossil record be used for?

A

to determine approximate time that lineages split

68
Q

What do molecular clocks do and what do they use to do it?

A

estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change;

use constant rates of evolution in some genes to do this

69
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

70
Q

What are the characteristics of rRNA genes?

A

shared by all life;

highly conserved

71
Q

What is the order of the following events?
A) symbiosis of mitochondrial ancestor and eukaryote ancestor
B) symbiosis of bacterium & archaean
C) symbiosis of chloroplast ancestor with ancestor of green plants?

A

B, A, C

72
Q

KNOW THE DEFINITION OF PHYLOGENY AND CLADISTICS

A

(learning outcome)

73
Q

DESCRIBE DERIVED CHARACTERS

A

(learning outcome)

74
Q

EXPLAIN HOMOLOGY, ANALOGY, AND HOMOPLASY

A

(learning outcome)

75
Q

KNOW HOW TO CONSTRUCT PHYLOGENETIC TREES

A

(learning outcome)

76
Q

DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MONOPHYLETIC, PARAPHYLETIC, AND POLYPHYLETIC

A

(learning outcome)

77
Q

EXPLAIN THE UNIVERSAL TREE OF LIFE

A

(learning outcome)

DISP Biology (12 decks)

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