Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DISP Biology > Anatomy & Physiology - II > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology - II Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is diffusion time related to distance?

A

diffusion time is proportional to the square of the distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is diffusion only efficient over small distances?

A

it requires more energy (?)….

it is a fairly slow process (?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do small/thin aminals exchange materials with the surrounding medium?

A

directly (open circulatory system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do most animals exchange materials with the environment?

A

cells exchange materials with the environment via a fluid-filled circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 components of a general circulatory system?

A
  • a circulatory fluid
  • a set of interconnecting vessels
  • a muscular pump (the heart)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a circulatory system allow organs to do?

A

exchange gases, absorb nutrients, dispose of wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

open and closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is gas exchange important?

A

need oxygen to produce energy to live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the importance of excreting wastes?

A

eliminate toxic substances that could interfere with biochemical processes or cause tissue/molecular damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What types of organisms typically have an open circulatory system?

A

insects, other arthropods, and most molluscs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does hemolymph mean?

A

blood (synonym)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In what type of circulatory system does hemolymph bathe the organs directly?

A

open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What types of organisms typically have a closed circulatory system?

A

annelids, cephalopods, vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does a closed circulatory system work?

A

blood is confined to vessels - more efficient transport to tissues and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does blood flow in blood vessels?

A

one way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do arteries branch into?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do arterioles carrry blood to?

A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the sites of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid?

A

capillary beds (networks of capillaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What converges into veins?

A

venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

return blood from capillaries to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are arteries and veins distinguished?

A

direction of blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Are arteries and veins distinguished by oxygen content?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What direction does the blood flow in veins? in arteries?

A
  • veins: to the heart

- arteries: away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many chambers are in the hearts of humans?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What organisms have 2 chambers in the heart?

A

fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many chambers are in amphibian hearts?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Through what structure does blood enter the heart?

A

an atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Through what structure is blood pumped out of the heart?

A

ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What occurs in single circulation?

A

blood leaving the heart passes through two capillary beds before returning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What organisms perform single circulation?

A

bony fishes, rays, sharks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How many chambers of the heart are invovled in single circulation?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What type of circulation occurs in the hearts of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals?

A

double circulation

33
Q

How does double circulation work?

A

oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart

34
Q

What are the chambers in an amphibian heart?

A

two atria and one ventricle

35
Q

What type of circuit do amphibians use to breathe?

A

pulmocutaneous

36
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in amphibians?

A

through the skin

37
Q

What change occurs to blood flow in amphibians when underwater?

A

blood flow to the lungs is nearly shut off

38
Q

What are the two circuits that make up the double circulation of reptiles, mammals, and birds?

A

pulmonary (lungs) and systemic

39
Q

What is the difference betwen the hearts of alligators/caimans/crocodiles and most other reptiles?

A
  • alligators, etc. have a septum dividing the ventricle (so have 4 chambers)
  • most others have 3 chambers (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
40
Q

Why do endotherms require more oxygen than ectotherms?

A

they rely on metabolism for heat

41
Q

What kind of blood does the left side of a mammalian heart pump and receive?

A

oxygen-rich blood

42
Q

What side of the mammalian heart pumps and receives only oxygen-poor blood?

A

right side

43
Q

What two respiratory mediums can animals use as a source of oxygen?

A

air or water

44
Q

How does the oxygen content compare between water and air?

A

less oxygen in water than in air (since oxygen must diffuse into water)

45
Q

Why does obtaining oxygen from water require greater efficiency than air breathing?

A

water is a thicker, denser medium

46
Q

What type of respiratory surfaces are required by most organisms?

A

large, moist surfaces for the exchange of gases between cells and the respiratory medium

47
Q

What are evaginations of the body wall?

A

gills

48
Q

How are gills ventilated?

A

by water movement

49
Q

How are gills supported?

A

by buoyant effects of water

50
Q

What are lungs?

A

invaginations of the body wall

51
Q

How are lungs supported?

A

by connections to the body wall

52
Q

How are lungs ventilated?

A

by breathing

53
Q

What must oxygen diffuse through in the lungs?

A

motionless air in alveoli (much faster in air than water)

54
Q

How are gills useful for gas exchange?

A

create a large surface area

55
Q

How does countercurrent exchange happen in fish gills?

A

blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over gills and is always less saturated with oxygen than the water it meets

56
Q

What is the basic structure of the tracheal systems in insects?

A

tiny branching tubes that penetrate the body

57
Q

How does the tracheal system in insects supply oxygen to body cells?

A

supplies oxygen directly

58
Q

How are the respiratory and circulatory systems in insects related?

A

they’re separate

59
Q

What must larger flying insects do to meet greater oxygen demands?

A

ventilate

60
Q

What type of breathing does an amphibian use?

A

positive pressure breathing

61
Q

How does positive pressure breathing work?

A

it forces air down the trachea

62
Q

What is an important respiratory organ in amphibians?

A

skin

63
Q

What do some species of amphibians not have?

A

lungs

64
Q

How does a bird breathe?

A

(ANSWER)

65
Q

How does a mammal ventilate its lungs?

A

negative pressure breathing

66
Q

How does negative pressure breathing work?

A

pulls air into the lungs

67
Q

What happens to the lung volume as the rib muscles and diaphragm contract?

A

it increases

68
Q

What are respiratory pigments?

A

proteins that transport oxygen

69
Q

What is the importance of respiratory pigments?

A

greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

70
Q

What respiratory pigment do arthropods and many molluscs have?

A

hemocyanin

71
Q

What is the oxygen-binding component of hemocyanin?

A

copper

72
Q

What is the repiratory pigment used by most vertebrates and some invertebrates?

A

hemoglobin

73
Q

What is te oxygen-binding component of hemoglobin?

A

iron

74
Q

In which type of blood cells is hemoglobin contained in vertebrates?

A

red blood cells (erythcrocytes)

75
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can be carried by a single molecule of hemoglobin?

A

4 (one for each iron-containing heme group)

76
Q

What is the blood to body volume ratio for diving mammals?

A

high blood to body volume ratio

77
Q

What do deep-diving air breathers do to the oxygen they inhale?

A

stockpile it and deplete it slowly

78
Q

What can diving mammals store oxygen in?

A

myoglobin proteins in their muscles

79
Q

What are some ways in which diving mammals conserve oxygen?

A
  • changing their buoyancy to glide passively
  • decreasing blood supply to muscles
  • deriving ATP in muscles from fermentation once oxygen is depleted

DISP Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions