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DISP Biology > Anatomy & Physiology - I > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology - I Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the study of the biological form of an organism (ex: wings, beaks)

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

the study of biological functions an organism performs (ex: digestion)

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of a “steady” state or internal balance regardless of external environment

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4
Q

What must be regulated to maintain homeostasis?

A

body temperature, blood pH, glucose concentration, etc.

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5
Q

What does homeostasis require?

A

negative feedback

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6
Q

What is the importance of homeostasis?

A

helps to sustain life in extreme environment

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7
Q

(NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP DIAGRAM - LABEL)

A

(labelling answers)

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8
Q

What are the 4 physical processes of heat exchange with the environment?

A

radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction

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9
Q

What is the term to describe the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero?

A

radiation

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10
Q

What heat exchange processes does a lizard depend on?

A

radiation

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11
Q

What does evaporation do to heat on the body?

A

removes it (thus cooling the body)

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12
Q

What is the difference between convection and conduction?

A

conduction transfers heat between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other whereas convection involves the movement of warm fluid to or from the surface of an object

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13
Q

What is the term to describe the rate at which animals need to acquire food?

A

metabolic rate

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14
Q

How can temperature affect tissues?

A

it can affect:

  • performance of proteins
  • rates of biophysical processes (diffusion, osmosis)
  • rates of biochemical reactions
  • viscous properties of membranes
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15
Q

How does temperature affect the performance of proteins?

A

it can denature them - which prevents enzymes from functioning properly

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16
Q

How do warm vs. cold temperatures affect membranes?

A

warm temperatures cause membranes to become more fluid while cold causes them to become more rigid and less permeable

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17
Q

What are some ways in which animals deal with cold winter temperatures?

A

physical adaptations such as fur and behavioural adaptations such as migration

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18
Q

How do animals avoid freezing?

A
  • migrate to warmer climate
  • move to insulated environment (underground or underwater)
  • lower body temperature to slow metabolic rate (hibernation)
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19
Q

How do antifreeze proteins work?

A

adsorb small ice crystals; preventing the growht of large crystals

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20
Q

What are some components of tissue antifreeze?

A

carbohydrates (ethylene glycol, glycerol, glucose), electrolytes (Na+, Cl-)

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21
Q

Why is it bad if water freeezes in a tissue?

A

it expands and forms sharp crystals

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22
Q

How do some animals tolerate freezing?

A

survive by freezing solid

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23
Q

Why is it important to maintain body temperature?

A

to survive - organisms are specialized for different temperatures (specialized proteins and membrane composition)

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24
Q

What is the difference between poikilotherms (ecotherms) and endotherms?

A

poikilotherms have no internal regulation of body temperature so they occupy environments of chosen temperature, whereas endotherms warm their tissues with metabolic heat

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25
Q

What are 3 ways in which endotherms can regulate their body temperatures?

A
  • adjust insulation
  • change rate of blood flow in vessels to skin
  • change posture
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26
Q

How might an endotherm adjust its insulation?

A

erect or compress its feathers/fur

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27
Q

What is the difference between vasodialation and vasoconstriction?

A

vasodialation increases blood vessel surface area to dissipate heat; vasoconstriction closes in vessels to retain heat in core

28
Q

How can an endotherm use its posture to retain heat? to dissipate heat?

A
  • tuck in/hunch over to retain heat (smaller surface area)

- extend limbs to dissipate heat (larger surface area)

29
Q

How does the body generate heat when it is below thermal neutral zone (TNZ)?

A

shivering and brown fat

30
Q

What is shivering?

A

unsynchronized contraction of adjacent muscle units (produces no useful work - ATP bond energy dissipated as heat)

31
Q

What part of the body is responsible for coordinating heat generation?

A

hypothalamus

32
Q

What is special about brown fat?

A

contains a lot of mitochrondria that help break down fatty acids and generate heat in doing so (little furnaces)

33
Q

What takes up 1-3% of fat mass?

A

brown fat

34
Q

How do blood vessels perform heat exchange?

A

counter-current exchange - transfer heat between blood flowing in opposite directions

35
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

maintenance of osmolarity (water-solute content) of body fluids)

36
Q

What is the term to describe the sum of concentration of dissolved substances?

A

osmolarity

37
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

pressure from flow of water through semipermeable membrane separating solutions with different solute concentrations

38
Q

In what direction does water flow?

A

from an area of high concentration to low

39
Q

How is the osmolarity of marine invertebrates and hagfish related to that of salt water?

A

isoosmotic

40
Q

Why is it hard for fish to enter environments with different osmotic pressure?

A

it causes them huge osmotic stress

41
Q

What benefit does the ability to osmoregulate give?

A

can inhabit different areas - invade new environments

42
Q

What is produced by refining a filtrate that is derived from body fluids?

A

urine

43
Q

What are the 4 key functions of most excretory systems?

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

44
Q

What is filtration?

A

pressure-filtering of body fluids

45
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

reclaiming valuable solutes

46
Q

What is secretion?

A

adding toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate

47
Q

What is the importance of secretion?

A

gets rid of toxins

48
Q

What is the term to describe the removal of filtrate from a system?

A

excretion

49
Q

What does urine allow organisms to do?

A

gain or lose excess water (necessary if living in a specific osmotic environment)

50
Q

What is the least toxic nitrogenous waste?

A

uric acid

51
Q

What is the most toxic nitrogenous waste?

A

ammonia

52
Q

How does the toxicity of urea relate to that of ammonia and uric acid?

A

less toxic than ammonia; more toxic than uric acid

53
Q

Order urea, uric acid, and ammonia from least to most expensive

A

ammonia, urea, uric acid

54
Q

What type of environment is ammonia good in and why?

A

aquatic environment (takes a lot of water to dilute) - diffuses across gills

55
Q

What nitrogenous waste takes the least water to dilute?

A

uric acid

56
Q

What is the relationship between the tendency to lose water to the environment and the amount/concentration of urine produced?

A

more water loss, smaller volume of urine, urine concentration slightly less than body fluids

57
Q

What happens to freshwater fish in their environment?

A

tend to gain water

58
Q

What tends to happen to the body water in terrestrial vertebrates?

A

tends to be lost to air

59
Q

Order marine fish, freshwater fish, and terrestrial vertebrates from least to most volume of urine produced

A

marine fish, terrestrial vertebrates, freshwater fish

60
Q

How do marine mammals drink sea water?

A

have very efficient kidneys that excrete the excess salt

61
Q

How do marine birds and reptile get rid of salt after drinking sea water?

A

salt glands excrete the salt through countercurrent exchange

62
Q

How do terrestrial animals conserve water?

A

special adaptations to absorb water, waterproof skin, etc.

63
Q

What type of environment do marine fish live in?

A

hyperosmotic

64
Q

What are the layers of (WATERPROOF?) skin, in order from exterior to interior?

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
65
Q

What makes up the stratum corneum?

A

dead cells with lipids and/or keratin inside and between cells

66
Q

What are some adaptations that desert mammals have to balance water?

A
  • drink little or no water
  • obtain water from food
  • produce more concentrated urine
67
Q

What is the primary function of urine?

A

osmoregulation (?)

DISP Biology (12 decks)

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