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DISP Biology > Animal Evolution and Development > Flashcards

Animal Evolution and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do animals fit into the tree of life?

A

Opisthokonts

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2
Q

What are animals most closely related to?

A

fungi

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3
Q

What are opisthokonts?

A

the two kinds of multicellular heterotrophs

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4
Q

What are some opisthokonts?

A

animals, fungi

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5
Q

What are the main differences between animals and fungi in terms of eating?

A

animals: ingest their food, digest inside bodies;
fungi: secrete enzymes, digest food outside of their bodies

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6
Q

What are most animal diseases?

A

bacterial

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7
Q

What are most plant diseases?

A

fungal

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8
Q

What does the term opisthokonts mean and to what cells does it refer?

A

“flagella coming out of rear” (sperm cells)

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9
Q

What are 11 unique characteristics of animals?

A 
ingest food (hetrorophs);
multicellular;
sexual reproduction, diploid;
most are mobile;
aerobic;
lack cell walls;
glycogen (food storage);
develop from a zygote (zygote develops into a gastrula);
muscular and nervous tissues;
HOX genes control body development
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10
Q

What are the steps of animal development?

A
  1. egg meets sperm –> zygote
  2. cleavage –> 8-cell stage
  3. cleavage –> blastula
  4. gastrulation
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11
Q

What is a blastula?

A

hollow ball of cells

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12
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

invagination of the hollow ball

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13
Q

Why does gastrulation occur?

A

sets up embryo to have different germ tissues

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14
Q

What is a blastopore?

A

opening in cell ball obtained from invagination of blastula

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15
Q

When are germ and somatic cells determined?

A

single cell stage

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16
Q

When is tissue fate determined?

A

gastrulation stage

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17
Q

Why do animals start life as a single cell?

A

so we can produce sexulally;

sexular recombination provides benefits

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18
Q

How many genomes are involved in development?

A

5 (? - at least 3?)

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19
Q

What genomes are involved in development?

A 
zygote's;
maternal;
paternal;
cytoplasmic factors deposited in the egg by the female;
mitochondrial DNA
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20
Q

When does an embryo’s own genes (maternal and paternal combination) start to function?

A

gastrulation

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21
Q

When do cytoplasmic factors deposited in the egg by the female function in development and how do we know this?

A

control development to blastula stage;

an egg will develop into a blastula without sperm or nucleus

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22
Q

What are the 3 most characteristic processes of development in animals?

A

differentiation (into tissues, organs);
growth;
morphogenesis

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23
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

development of new shapes, forms

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24
Q

When do the 3 most characteristic processes of development in animals take place?

A

after cleavage wehn the zygote’s own genes become active;

starts with gastrulation and continues through life of animal

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25
Q

What are the 3 tissue layers of animals?

A

ectoderm;
endoderm;
mesoderm

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26
Q

How does the mesoderm develop?

A

trhough induction - interaction between 2 cell types to produce a 3rd

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27
Q

What features are made of the ectoderm?

A

skin, hair, scales, feathers

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28
Q

What features are made of the endoderm?

A

gut (digestive system)

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29
Q

What features are made of the mesoderm?

A

bone, cartilage, blood, most internal organs, gonads (but not actual germ ells)

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30
Q

Where are ectoderm cells located?

A

on the outside

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31
Q

Where are endoderm cells located?

A

on the inside

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32
Q

What are some differences in development among animals?

A

direct vs. indirect development;

determinate vs. indeterminate growth

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33
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect development?

A

direct: egg to adult;
indirect: egg to larva to adult

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34
Q

What is the difference between determinate and indeterminate growth?

A

determinate: grow to adult size
indeterminate: keep growing (though rate may slow)

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35
Q

What are some animals that exhibit determinate growth?

A

mammals, birds

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36
Q

What are some animals that undergo indeterminate growth?

A

snakes, lobsters, turtles, fish, frogs, salamanders, lizards, crocodiles

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37
Q

What is the hypothesis for the evolution of animals (steps to becoming an animal?

A
  1. aggregation of single cells into a colony
  2. specialization of functions
  3. infolding to give digestive cavity and potential for tissue layers
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38
Q

What is a colonial protist?

A

an aggregate of identical cells

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39
Q

How is body symmetry related to lifestyle?

A

radial symmetry: primarily sessile/floating;

bilateral: mobile

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40
Q

What lifesyle and body symmetry is often accompanied by cephalization?

A

mobile;

bilateral symmetry

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41
Q

What is the difference between radial and bilateral symmetry?

A

radial: any plane cut through the centre gives symmetrical halves;
bilateral: only one plane gives symmetrical halves

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42
Q

What is cephalization?

A

development of a head

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43
Q

What are two major clades of bilateral animals?

A

protostomes & deuterostomes

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44
Q

What clade of bilateral animals do humans fit in?

A

deuterostome

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45
Q

What is the difference between protostomes & deuterostomes?

A

protostome (“1st mouth”): mouth develops from blastopore;

deuterostome (“other mouth”): anus develops from blastopore

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46
Q

What animals are deuterostomes?

A

echinoderms (starfish…);

chordates (humans…)

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47
Q

What animals are protostomes?

A

mollusks (snails…);
annelids (earthworms…);
arthropods (scorpions…)

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48
Q

What 3 groups of bilaterial animals did their common ancestor diverge into?

A

Lophotrochozoa (protosome),
Ecdysozoa (protostome),
deuterostomia

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49
Q

What did the ancestral colonial choanoflagellate (protist) diverge into and how do they differ?

A

parazoa (lack true tissues),

eumetazoa (true animals with true tissues)

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50
Q

Into what did the Eumetazoa diverge into?

A

radiata & bilateria

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51
Q

Why are sponges so simple?

A

lack true tissues;

some specialization of cells

52
Q

To what phylum (and subkingdom) do sponges belong?

A

parazoa (phylum porifera)

53
Q

What is the characteristic feature of radiata?

A

digestive cavity tissues

54
Q

What phylum does the radiata subkingdom comprise?

A

phylum cnidaria

55
Q

What are some examples of animals that belong to the phylum cnidaria (radiata)?

A

jellyfish, corals, sea anenomes

56
Q

What are the main divisions (phyla) of Lophotrochozoa?

A

flatworms, annelids, molluscs

57
Q

What are flatworms?

A

parasitic forms including the flukes & tapeworms

58
Q

What are the 3 types of annelids?

A

earthworms, polychaetes, leeches

59
Q

What are the characteristics of earthworms and to what phylum do they belong?

A

terrestrial, ingest soil, extract microorganisms;

annelids

60
Q

What are the characteristics of polychaetes and to what phylum do they belong?

A

marine, predators or filter-feeders;

annelids

61
Q

What are the characteristics of leeches and to what phylum do they belong?

A

freshwater, bloodsucking;

annelids

62
Q

What are some examples of molluscs?

A

scallop, mussel, clam,
smails, nudibrands,
nautlius, squid

63
Q

What phylum contains the “smart” invertebrates and what are some examples?

A

mollucs;

squid, cuttlefish, octopuses

64
Q

What are the most numerous animals in soil?

A

microscopic free-living nematodes

65
Q

What parasite is common in vertebrates, and what are some examples?

A

parasitic nematodes;

hookworm, trichonosis worm, whipworm, pinworm

66
Q

What are nematodes (other names)?

A

roundowrms - C. eligans

67
Q

What phyla are part of the group ecdysozoa?

A

nematodes, arthropods

68
Q

What are the unique characteristics of arthropods?

A

jointed appendages, exoskeleton (that they shed to grow)

69
Q

What are the 2 types of arthropods (with examples)?

A 
terrestrial arthropods (insects, spiders, centipedes, scorpions);
crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, shrimp, amphipods, isopods, barnacles)
70
Q

What group of arthropods is most marine?

A

crustaceans

71
Q

What phyla are part of the group deuterostomia?

A

echinoderms, chordates

72
Q

What are the characterstics of echinoderms?

A

water vascular system, tube feet;
mobile predators, grazers;
larvae are bilaterally symmetric (though develop radial symmetry as secondary adaptation)

73
Q

What does the water vascular system of echinoderms allow them to do?

A

move

74
Q

How do we know echinoderms develop radial symmetry as a secondary adaptation?

A

larvae are bilaterally symmetric

75
Q

What are some examples of echinoderms?

A

sea stars, sea urchins

76
Q

What are the 3 types of chordates?

A

cephalochordates, urochordates, vertebrates

77
Q

To what phylum and subgroup does the Brachiostoma lancet belong?

A

phylum chordate;

cephalochordates

78
Q

What 4 features do all chordates share at some point in development?

A

postanal tail,
notochord,
dorsal hollow nerve cord,
pharyngeal slits

79
Q

What unique tissue layer do vertebrates have?

A

neural crest

80
Q

To what unique structures of vertebrates do the cells of the neural crest give rise?

A

some of the bones and cartilage of the skull

81
Q

How does the neural crest develop?

A

through induction

82
Q

What is unique about the neural crest cells?

A

they migrate (most other tissue layers don’t)

83
Q

What are agnatha?

A

early jawless fish;

the most primitive living vertebrates

84
Q

From what are jaws derived?

A

gill arches

85
Q

How is the duplication of HOX genes related to animal evolution?

A

has seemed to allow jaws to develop

86
Q

What are chondrichthyes?

A

cartilaginous fish (jawed)

87
Q

What are osteichthyes?

A

bony fish (skeletons)

88
Q

What are the differences between more primitive bony fish (like the gar) and more advanced (like the perch)?

A

more advanced: pelvic fin closer to head, pectoral fin more on side of body, anal fin more forward (?)

89
Q

How did fins evolve into limbs?

A

basal cartilage in fin became humorous, radius, ulna;

digits are novel structures (not from fin rays)

90
Q

What are fin rays?

A

long bony extensions

91
Q

What organism shows evidence of the evolution of limbs from fins?

A

Coelocanth - living primitive bony fish with lobed fins

92
Q

What characteristics did the Acanthostega (early tetrapod) have?

A

ancestrally aquatic,

had lungs and limbs

93
Q

What are amphibians?

A

semi-terrestrial tetrapods

94
Q

What do amphibians rely on?

A

water, especially for reproduction

95
Q

In amniote reproduction, where is fertilization?

A

internal

96
Q

What is the main difference between the reproduction of mammals and the repdoruction of reptiles & birds?

A

reptiles & birds lay shelled eggs;

mammals retain amniotic egg in bodies

97
Q

What is special about an amniotic egg?

A

has membranes around embryo to protect it

98
Q

How are amniotes adapted to a fully terrestrial life?

A

waterproof skin,
efficiently ventilated lungs,
amniotic egg/internal fertilization

99
Q

How do the adaptations of an amniotic egg and interval fertilization make amniotes more adapted to a fully terrestrial life?

A

released from breeding in aquatic environment

100
Q

RECOGNIZE FEATURES THAT DISTINGUISH ANIMALS AND THEIR MAJOR GROUPS

A

(learning outcome)

101
Q

EXPLAIN WHY, IN AN EVOLUTIONARY SENSE, ANIMALS START LIFE AS A SINGLE CELL

A

(learning outcome)

102
Q

INDICATE WHAT GENOMES ARE IN AN EMBRYO AND WHICH OF THESE CONTROL THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT.

A

(learning outcome)

103
Q

IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

A

(learning outcome)

104
Q

LIST THE 3 TISSUE TYPES IN ALMOST ALL ANIMALS AND INDICATE HOW THEY ARISE

A

(learning outcome)

105
Q

BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE MAJOR GROUPS OF ANIMALS, OF BILATERAL ANIMALS, AND OF VERTEBRATES

A

(learning outcome)

106
Q

BRIEFLY EXPLAIN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NEURAL CREST AND WHY IT CAN BE CONSIDERED A 4TH GERM LAYER

A

(learning outcome)

107
Q

BRIEFLY EXPLAIN HOW LIMBS EVOLVED FROM FINS

A

(learning outcome)

108
Q

INDICATE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AMNIOTES THAT ARE ADAPTED TO TERRESTRIAL LIFE

A

(learning outcome)

109
Q

What are the major living groups of reptiles?

A

(?) crocodilians, squamates, tuatara, turtles

110
Q

What kind of clade is the clade that contains the major living groups of reptiles?

A

polyphyletic (?)

111
Q

To which clade do birds (aves) belong?

A

amniotes

112
Q

What are some of the key features of birds adapted to flight?

A

digits fused and reduced in number (firm aerodynamic surface),
feather barbs have interlocking barbs (y?)
have humerus, radius & ulna…, (?)
very efficient respiration system,
high body temperature (?)

113
Q

What are the shared derived characters of mammals?

A

hair,
mammary glands,
muscular diaphragm

114
Q

What is an example of co-opting an existing structure for a new function?

A

bones of the middle ear of mammals (?)

115
Q

What two things differ among the 3 living groups of mammals?

A

how their young are born,

body temperature

116
Q

What are the 3 living groups of mammals?

A

montremes,
marsupials,
placental mammals

117
Q

How are montremes born and at what temperature do they regulate their bodies?

A

young hatch from eggs;

regulate body temp at 33 deg

118
Q

How are marsupials born and at what temperature do they regulate their bodies?

A

give birth to poorly-developed young that crawl into mother’s pouch and finish developing there;
regulate body temp at 35 deg

119
Q

How are placental mammals born and at what temperature do they regulate their bodies?

A

young are nurtured within body of mother by placenta, then born live; (?)
regulate body temp at 37 deg

120
Q

In what order did the shared derived features (?) appear during the evolution of vertebrates?

A

notochord, brain, head, vertebral column,
jaws & mineralized skeleton, lungs/lung derivatives,
lobed fins, legs, amniotic egg, milk

121
Q

From what organism did vertebrates evolve?

A

ancestral deuterostome

122
Q

RECOGNIZE ADAPTATIONS TO FLIGHT THAT ARE FOUND IN BIRDS

A

(learning outcome)

123
Q

DISTINGUISH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE GROUPS OF MAMMALS

A

(learning outcome)

124
Q

MATCH THE HOMOLOGOUS BONES OF THE REPTILIAN JAW AND OUR MIDDLE EAR

A

(learning outcome)

125
Q

LABEL A CLADOGRAPH OF ANIMAL GROUPS WITH THE DERIVED CHARACTERS THAT DEFINE THE NODES, IN ORDER OF APPEARANCE, IN THEIR EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

A

(learning outcome)

DISP Biology (12 decks)

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