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DISP Biology > PCD in Plant Development > Flashcards

PCD in Plant Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the differences between animal cells and plant cells?

A

cell wall,
plastids,
large vacuole

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2
Q

What are the types of cell death?

A

programmed cell death & necrosis

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3
Q

How do PCD and necrosis differ in terms of their mechanism and the energy they require?

A

PCD is genetically encoded & active process;

necrosis is accidental & passive process

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4
Q

What is necrosis a side effect of?

A

injury

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5
Q

What is frost bite damage an example of?

A

necrosis

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of PCD (apoptosis)?

A 
physiological cell death,
membrane blebbing (but no loss of integrity),
condensation of chromatin,
formation of membrane-bound bodies (apoptic bodies),
no mitochrondrial swelling,
DNA laddering,
phagocytosis,
no inflammation
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of necrosis?

A 
accidental cell death,
loss of membrane integrity,
flocculation of chromating,
swelling of the cell and lysis,
mitochrondrial swelling,
no DNA laddering,
phagocytosis,
inflammation
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8
Q

What is tissue remoeling (vertebrate limb bud development) an example of?

A

apoptosis in animal cells

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9
Q

What does apoptosis allow the elimination of, with examples?

A 
unwanted cells (e.g. tumor cells),
transitory organs and tissues (e.g. pronephors in higher vertebrates),
cells that have completed their function (e.g. tail of tadpole)
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10
Q

What happens in humans if PCD does not take place during vertebrate limb bud development?

A

fingers would stick together

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11
Q

What is Caenorhabditis elegans?

A

a model organism for studying the coe machinery involved in PCD

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12
Q

Why is Caenorhabditis elegans so handy fr studying PCD?

A

exactly 131 cells undergo PCD at precisely defined times and locations

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13
Q

What are ced-3, ced-4, ced-9, and Egl-1?

A

4 proteins that are central to the execution of the death program in Caenorhabditis elegans

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14
Q

What are some techniques used to detect apoptosis?

A

agarose gel electrophoresis,
in situ DNA end-labelling,
light and electron microscopy,
assay systems

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15
Q

How does agarose gel electrophoresis detect apoptosis?

A

can see fragmented DNA (characteristic of PCD)

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16
Q

How does in situ DNA end-labelling detect apoptosis?

A

can identify fragmented DNA (characteristic of PCD)

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17
Q

How does light and electron microscopy detect apoptosis?

A

look for morphological changes

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18
Q

How do assay systems detect apoptosis?

A

identify Caspase family proteins

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19
Q

How many techniques must be used to reliably detect apoptosis?

A

2

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20
Q

What are some processes of plant development in which PCD is very important?

A 
embryogenesis,
xylem differentiation,
aerenchyma formation,
shedding of root cap cells,
leaf morphogenesis,
hypersensitive cell death,
leaf senescence
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21
Q

When does PCD take place during plant development?

A

from fertilization to complete death of plant (leaf senescence)

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22
Q

What does a comparison of the mechanisms and molecules of PCD between the plant and animal kingdoms suggest?

A

common evolutionary origin

23
Q

What applications are there for PCD research?

A

agriculture and horticulture

delay senescence - food would last longer

24
Q

What is xylem?

A

the supporting and water-conducting tissue of vascular plants?

25
Q

How does PCD function during xylem differentiation?

A

entire contents of cells undergo PCD; cell wall left intact (multiple stack to make a tube)

26
Q

What process is the “pulling source” that allows the transportation of water up against gravity?

A

transpiration (evaporation of water)

27
Q

What keeps the water column in xylem intact?

A

hydrogen bonds

28
Q

What are aerenchyma and how are they formed?

A

gas spaces in the root cortex;

caused by the controlled collapse and death of certain cortical cells

29
Q

What are aerenchyma used for?

A

storing oxygen/allowing gas exchange

30
Q

What is the primary difference between the PCD in xylem differentiation and the PCD in aerenchyma formation?

A

cell wall left intact in xylem;

everything including cell wall undergoes PCD in aerenchyma

31
Q

What is the function of the root cap cells?

A

to protect the root apical meristem during germination and growth

32
Q

Why are root cap cells continually displaced by new cells?

A

they’re easily damaged by the soil so they die often

33
Q

What is the apical meristem?

A

tissue found in the tips of roots in plants;

begins growth of new cells at the tips of roots

34
Q

How is PCD involved with root cap cells?

A

root cap cells are killed to be replaced by new cells (?)

35
Q

What induces hypersensitive cell death (HR) and why?

A

certain plant pathogens and involved PCD;

to restrict the spread of pathogens from infected sites

36
Q

What is leaf senescence?

A

the final stage of leaf development

browning… chlorophyll degrading…

37
Q

What is an example of an abiotic externally induced PCD, and what is the abiotic factor that causes it?

A

aerenchyma formation;

low oxygen

38
Q

What is an example of a biotic eternally-induced PCD, and what is the biotic factor that causes it?

A

hypersensitive cell death;

pathogen

39
Q

What are examples of developmentally regulated PCD?

A

xylem differentiation,

leaf morphogenesis

40
Q

What is leaf morphogensis?

A

hole formation in leaves

41
Q

What are the only 2 vascular plants that form holes in their leaves as part of their normal development, and where do they live?

A 
Monstera obliqua ("swiss cheese plant"); land plant,
Aponogeton madagascariensis ("lace plant"); aquatic plant
42
Q

How was PCD identified as being part of leaf morphogenesis in Monstera obliqua?

A

DNA fragmentation in gel electrophoresis; tunel assay to detect dying nuclei

43
Q

What colours do the lace plant appear throughout development and why?

A

early stage: red leaves (pigment anthocyanin dominates);

later (after cell death): green leaves (anthocyanin disappears as leaf matures, leaving chlorophyll)

44
Q

What are the five stages of leaf development in the lace plant?

A
  1. tissue pattern formation
  2. window
  3. perforation formation
  4. performation expansion
  5. mature
45
Q

What can be seen during the tissue pattern formation in lace plants?

A

no signs of cell death

46
Q

What can be seen during the window formation in lace plants?

A

clear cells

47
Q

What can be seen during perforation formation in lace plants?

A

disappearance of organelles

48
Q

What happens during perforation expansion in lace plants?

A

holes expand in size 10+ times as leaf matures

49
Q

What can be seen in mature perforations in leaf plants?

A

holes end 4-5 cells from vein

50
Q

Where does PCD start and stop in lace plants during leaf morphogensis?

A

starts in centre;

stops 4-5 cells from vein

51
Q

Why are lace plants better model organisms to study developmental PCD in than Monstera?

A

we know when and where cells undergo PCD & transparent aquatic leaves good for microscopy;
don’t know where in Monstera

52
Q

What pigment/antioxidant may play a role in PCD and how do we know this?

A

anthocyanin;

PCD only occurs in lace plant leaves that contain anthocyanin

53
Q

Why are special conditions needed to prevent bacterial growth when growing lace plant on MS medium in the lab?

A

medium has a ton of nutrients for the plant

54
Q

What is the main role of anthocyanin and other accesory pigments in most plants?

A

to protect the chlorophyll II

DISP Biology (12 decks)

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