Treatments Flashcards
Middle Ages:
herbal medicines and apothecaries
- honey, garlic, rosemary and nettles
- moon affected how well the remedies work
- written in books called ‘Herbals’
- passed from mothers to daughters
Middle Ages:
bleeding
- restore balance of four humours
Middle Ages:
urine and zodiac charts
- colour, taste and smell
- what worked for Geminis wouldn’t work for Aries
Middle Ages:
quacks
barber-surgeons
- unlicensed traders selling ‘new’ cures
- little training
- simple surgery, cut hair and mend broken limbs
Early Modern:
Ladies of the Manor
- recipe books of herbal recipes
- Lady Johanna St John who supposedly cured nosebleeds
Early Modern:
new disciplines
- midwifery
- mental illness like melancholy
- importance of diet
Early Modern:
continuation from Middle Ages
- bloodletting
- barber surgeons
- quacks
- herbal remedies
Early Modern:
Doctrine of Signatures
- walnut = brain
- mushroom = ear
Early Modern:
communication
- written in English not Latin so could reach more people
Early Modern:
new ingredients
- rhubarb from Asia
- tobacco from North America
Modern 19th Century:
problems in surgery
- pain
- blood loss
- infection
Modern 19th Century:
early attempts of anaestheticss
- alcohol and opium, hard to know how much was needed
- laughing gas by Davy, sometimes patient woke up
Modern 19th Century:
chloroform
- 1847 James Simpson
- reduce pain in childbirth
- 1853 Queen Victoria used it
Modern 19th Century:
local anaesthetic
- 1850s cocaine to numb areas without making patient unconscious
- 1891 chemically produced
Modern 19th Century:
Ignaz Semmelweis
- 1847 reduced death rate in his wards from 35% toless than 1%
- doctors wash hands
- before germ theory
Modern 19th Century:
Joseph Lister
- carbolic acid to sterilise operating rooms, wounds, dressing and equipment
- mortality rates went from 46% to 15% in three years
- 1871 machine to spray room
Modern 19th Century:
Charles Chamberlain
- 1881
- steam steriliser for instruments
Modern 19th Century:
Gustav Neuber
- 1886
- surgeons scrub before entering theatre
- air sterilised
Modern 19th Century:
William Halstead
Berkeley Moyniham
- idea of surgical gloves made of rubber
- first British surgeon to wear gloves and change his clothes for surgical gowns
Modern 20th Century:
new types of surgery
- 1952 first kidney transplant
- 1967, Cape Town, first heart transplant, Dr Christian Barnaard, patient lived for 18 days
- 1972 first hip replacement
Modern 21st Century:
2014 England surgery
- 181 heart transplants
- immunosuppressive drugs
- keyhole surgery, league tables for hospitals and surgeons
Modern 20th Century:
chemotherapy
- use of powerful drugs
- kill cancerous cells
Modern 20th Century:
Alexander Fleming
- penicillin’s ability to kill bacteria in 1920s
- not enough funds to develop
Modern 20th Century:
Florey and Chain
- 1937 experimented penicillin on mice
- 1941 given to policeman which worked but died when drugs ran out after 5 days
- WW2 American and British funded mass production
Modern 20th Century:
Fleming, Florey and Chain
- Nobel Prize 1945
Modern 20th Century:
alternative treatments
- hydrotherapy, hypnotherapy, acupuncture
- British medical society said homeopathy was ‘witchcraft’
