Prevention Flashcards
Middle Ages:
religion
- processions
- pay indulgences
- pray for forgiveness
- whipping themselves
Middle Ages:
lifestyle
- don’t eat too much
- bathe in urine three times a day
- carry sweet smelling herbs
Middle Ages:
alchemy
- gullible people gave lots of money to alchemists
- mixtures of distilled vinegar
- medicines containing poisons (mercury) to clear system
Middle Ages:
soothsayers
- see the future predict why you’d get ill
- charms to protect against evil
Middle Ages:
Mother Shipton
- soothsayer
- 15th Century
- petrifying well with mineral rich water
Middle Ages:
doctors
- apothecaries with herbal remedies
- barber surgeons set broken limbs
- physicians trained in Italy or Paris
Early Modern:
John Dee
- alchemist
- 1580 onwards
- mathematician
- studied how to communicate with angels
Early Modern:
fads
- vegetarianism
- teetotalism
Early Modern:
Cold Water Treatment
- Brighton and Bognor Regis to drink and swim in sea
- rich had plunge pools in garden
- eating cool foods such as cucumber
- cold water baths
Modern 18th and 19th Century:
childbed fever
- infection after childbirth for mothers
- rural areas suffered less
Modern 18th and 19th Century:
Alexander Gordon
- 1700s
- childbed fever
- medical practioners should wash clothes and hands between patients in chlorinated water
- published 1795
Modern 18th and 19th Century:
scientific methods
- microscope
- stethoscope
- printing press
- scientific papers
Modern 18th and 19th Century:
James Lind
- discovered cause of scurvy
- suggested sailors should be given lime juice or fresh juice
Modern 18th and 19th Century:
John Snow
- 1854 cholera outbreak in London
- infection grouped round Broad Street pumping station
- took handle off pump preventing those from using it
Modern 18th Century:
smallpox
- killing 30% to 60% of victims
- blind or disfigured with scars
- 1796 killed at least 35000
Modern 18th Century:
Edward Jenner’s investigation
- milkmaids had cowpox didn’t get smallpox
- infected 9 year old James Phipps with cowpox
- gave dose of smallpox and he was immune
Modern 18th Century:
Edward Jenner’s vaccinations
- developed vaccines which built up antibodies
- submitted paper to Royal Society 1797 but needed more proof
- 1798 experimented with own son
- awarded £100000 from government in 1802
Modern 19th Century:
opposition to Jenner
- shouldn’t get in way of God’s punishment
- disliked giving animal disease to humans
- anti-vaccination league 1866
Modern 19th Century:
government 1852
- vaccinations free for all infants and compulsory but not strictly enforced
Modern 19th Century:
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
- Pasteur - 1860s Germ Theory
- Koch - specific bacteria cause specific diseases
Modern 19th Century:
government 1871
parents fined if children weren’t vaccinated
Modern 19th Century:
government 1887
- death rate fell dramatically
- so gave parents right to refuse vaccinations
Modern 20th Century:
vaccination programmes
mostly eliminated:
- polio 1955
- measles 1963
- whooping cough
Modern 20th Century:
infant mortality rate
fallen from 170 in every 1000 in 1900 to between 4 or 5 in every 1000 today
Modern 20th Century:
MMR debate
- 1998 Dr Wakefield
- higher risk of developing autism
- paper proved incorrect but many parents didn’t vaccinate their children
- UK first major outbreak of measles 2012-2013
Modern 20th Century:
current vaccination rates
around 93%
