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yr.11 Human Biology > treatment of infertility and inheritance > Flashcards

treatment of infertility and inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

Infertility

A

unable to achieve pregnancy despite frequent unprotected sex over the period of at least a year

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2
Q

Male infertility

A

Semen flows into bladder, rather than urethra.
immune system may develop antibodies for their own sperm.
Blockages in male’s reproductive tract.
hormonal imbalances, affecting sex drive and production of sperm.

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3
Q

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

A

Hormonal condition where ovaries contain many partially formed follicles that fail to mature.
Eggs not released, nor fertilised

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4
Q

hyperprolactinemia

A

High levels of hormone prolactin
can occur with; pituitary tumours, hypothyroidism, PCOS
Causes lack of ovulation

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5
Q

early menopause (primary ovarian insufficiency)

A

Menopause before 40 years old
cancer treatment can also cause it.

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6
Q

Other factors affecting women infertility

A

endometriosis
Fibroids

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7
Q

endometriosis

A

Affects 10% of women
endometrium grows outside uterus, resulting scar tissue or distortion of uterine tubes can affect fertility by blocking egg’s release or pathway through to the uterus.

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8
Q

Fibroids

A

benign growths in muscular part of uterus
Only affect fertility if location distorts the uterine cavity or blocks the uterine tubes

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9
Q

infertility treatments allowing unassisted fertilisation

A

Surgery
ovulation tracking
Ovulation induction
artificial insemination

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10
Q

surgery

A

Blocked uterine tubes and sperm ducts can be opened
fibroids or endometriosis can be removed

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11
Q

Ovulation tracking

A

identification of when female is most fertile through series of blood tests
Surge in LH prior to ovulation (luteinising hormone)

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12
Q

ovulation induction

A

For: infertility due to problems with ovulation resulting from low level of hormones
medication given to lower protein, allowing ovulation

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13
Q

Artificial insemination

A

process where sperm is released into uterus by a catheter being inserted through cervix
For: low sperm count, gays, single females, ejaculation dysfunctions

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14
Q

assisted fertilisation

A

Uses reproductive technologies
Gamete IntraFalopian Transfer (GIFT)
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

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15
Q

Gamete Intrafallopian Technologies (GIFT)

A

Sperm and Egg mixture injected into Fallopian tube

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16
Q

In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

A

When: blocked uterine tubes, ovulation disorders, endometriosis, fibroids, low sperm quality or production

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17
Q

IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

A

Eggs collected and injected with sperm
any normal developing eggs are injected into uterus

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18
Q

Surgical sperm removal

A

unable to ejaculate
Needle retrieves sperm

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19
Q

Other options for pregnancy

A

Donor gametes or embryos
surrogacy, other woman goes through pregnancy

20
Q

Other considerations

A

frozen embryos, for eggs not used in IVF cycle, embryos stayed is same stage until thawed.

21
Q

Ultrasound

A

inaudible, high frequency sound waves to produce image of foetus
Probe placed on abdomen of women
images displayed on computer
Used for: confirming pregnancy, estimating stage of pregnancy, number of foetus, monitor growth of foetus.
cant detect abnormalities.

22
Q

Genetic analysis

A

amniocentesis
Chorionic villus sampling
blood tests

23
Q

Amniocentesis

A

carried out between 16-20th week
Ultrasound to guide needle into amniotic cavity
10-20ml removed
Living cells floating in fluid are examined
Detects birth defects

24
Q

chorionic villi sampling

A

Obtains foetal cells from chorion using needle
carried between 9-19th week
Quicker then amniocentesis

25
Q

blood tests

A

Able to screen for: Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, Pataw syndrome, Turner syndrome
able at 10 weeks of pregnancy

26
Q

Foetal monitoring

A

regular monitoring of baby’s HR
Electrocardiography
Fetoscopy
Foetal blood sampling
Biochemical analysis
DNA probes

27
Q

Electrocardiography

A

Procedure for recording electrical changes in heart.
creates electrocardiogram (ECG)

28
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

shows series of waves that relate to electrical impulses that occur during each beat of heart.
Identify any risk of injury to foetus

29
Q

fetoscopy

A

Instrument used to gain information about a foetus in the uterus
identifies physical abnormalities

30
Q

Foetal blood sampling

A

blood taken from umbilical cord or foetal blood vessel, (liver or heart)
Used to; identify chromosomal abnormalities, identifies infections

31
Q

DNA probes

A

Segment of DNA used that is structurally identical to gene being tested

32
Q

2 principles of inheritance

A
  1. The various hereditary characteristics were controlled by genes that occurred in pairs.
  2. During formation of gametes, pairs of factors seperate
33
Q

Principle of segregation

A

principle that the alleles for a trait are separated during the formation of gametes

34
Q

Genotype

A

combination of alleles for a particular trait

35
Q

Phenotype

A

expression of the trait determined by the genotype

36
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

5-10 affected per 100 000
Symptoms appear after 40 years
dominant allele
Involuntary flailing movements of arms and legs, causes dementia

37
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Causes extreme mental retardation
recessive
Special diet of important amino acids, if begun early in child’s life, can correct the symptoms

38
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Recessive allele
causes chest infections and affects digestive system.
Those with disease given a diet low in fat and high in carbohydrate and protein, but doesn’t cure disease.

39
Q

red-green colour blindness

A

Individuals unable to distinguish between two colours
recessive gene located in X chromosome

40
Q

Hemizygous

A

no allelic counterpart, occurs with alleles in the X chromosome in males (XY)

41
Q

Haemophilia

A

Blood clots slowly or not at all
most common in men because of X

42
Q

Co-Dominance

A

Two alleles are equally dominant
both represented

43
Q

Multiple alleles

A

more than 2 alleles for a characteristics
Example: ABO blood group

44
Q

genetic counselling

A

Probability for a particular condition to show can sometimes be determined
couple can therefore determine whether to risk having a child

45
Q

Electrophoresis

A

DNA pieces placed on a bed of semi-solid gel and an electric current is passed through the gel.
DNA, negatively charged, moves through gel towards positive electrodes.
Smaller pieces more faster
results in pattern of bands that look similar to barcode, known as a DNA finger print or DNA profile.
Marker-segment of DNA with known characteristics

yr.11 Human Biology (10 decks)

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