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yr.11 Human Biology > sem 1 yr.11 exam > Flashcards

sem 1 yr.11 exam Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Accuracy

A

extent to which the measurements are correct

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2
Q

Blind experiment

A

an experiment where the subjects do not know whether they are receiving the test treatment or the placebo

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3
Q

Double blind experiment

A

an experiment where neither the subject nor the experimenter knows who receives the test treatment or placebo

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4
Q

Fair test

A

test that only changes the independent variable and controls all other variables to test hypothesis

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5
Q

Placebo

A

a substance or procedure that has no active substance but is used as a control test

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6
Q

Reliability

A

the extent to which an experiment gives the same result each time it is performed

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7
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which an experiment tests what it is supposed to test

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8
Q

Active transport

A

The use of energy to move substances, usually ions, across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient

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9
Q

carrier-mediated transport

A

Transport of ions or molecules across a cell membrane by special carrier proteins

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10
Q

cellular respiration

A

The chemical reactions that make energy available for the cell

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11
Q

carrier protein

A

A protein that carries substances from one side of the cell membrane to the other

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12
Q

channel protein

A

A protein that allows ions, water and small molecules to pass through the cell membrane

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13
Q

concentration gradient

A

A difference in concentration of a solution, often between the inside and outside of a cell

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14
Q

connective tissue

A

Tissue providing support for body organs

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15
Q

diffusion

A

The movement of particles of a liquid or a gas so that they are distributed evenly over the available space

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16
Q

endocytosis

A

The process by which a cell takes in materials by enfolding and enclosing them

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17
Q

epithelium

A

Tissue that forms the outer part of the skin and that lines hollow organs and ducts

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18
Q

exocytosis

A

The process whereby the contents of the vesicles of cells are pushed out through the cell membrane

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19
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

The process whereby proteins allow the movement of substances through the cell membrane along the concentration gradient

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20
Q

facilitated transport

A

Proteins in the cell membrane allow molecules to be transported across the membrane

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21
Q

homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external environment

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22
Q

inclusion

A

Chemical substances inside a cell in the form of granules or droplets

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23
Q

matrix

A

Non-cellular material between the cells of a tissue

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24
Q

osmosis

A

The diffusion of water molecules through a differentially permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

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25
osmotic pressure
The pressure due to differences in concentration on either side of a differentially permeable membrane
26
Phagocytosis
the process by which a cell surrounds, and takes in, solid particles
27
Pinocytosis
the process by which cells enfold, and takes in, drops of liquid
28
Protein channel
a pathway though a protein in the cell membrane that allows the passage of substances across the membrane
29
Simple diffusion
the process of substances moving along the concentration gradient in a solution or across a semipermeable membrane, without the use of membrane proteins
30
Solvent
a substance, often water, in which a solute is dissolved
31
Vesicle
a small membrane-bound cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, smaller then vacuoles
32
Vesicular transport
the transport of materials into or out of a cell in membrane-bound sacs; also called bulk transport
33
Activation energy
the energy needed to break the bonds of the reacting particles in a chemical reaction; the energy needed to start a chemical reaction
34
Aerobic respiration
respiration requiring oxygen
35
Anabolism
the process of combining small molecules to make larger ones; it requires energy
36
Catabolism
chemical reactions that break down large organic molecules into smaller ones, with the release of energy
37
catalyst
A substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction, increasing the rate of the reaction without being consumed
38
Coenzyme
non-protein organic molecules that are essential for the functioning of an enzyme
39
Cofactor
the ions or inorganic molecules required by enzymes to catalyse a reaction
40
Denature
to change the molecular structure of a protein by heating, a change in pH, adding detergents or shaking
41
Enzyme
an organic substance that increases the speed of chemical changes without being altered or destroyed in the change; an organic catalyst
42
Enzyme inhibitor
a substance that slows or stops an enzyme’s activity
43
Enzyme-substrate complex
the structure formed when an enzyme and a substrate combine
44
Substrate
a molecule upon which an enzyme acts
45
Pleura
a membrane covering the surface of the lungs
46
Pleural fluid
a thin layer of fluid within the pleura that allows the lungs to move during breathing
47
ventilation
The process of inhalation and exhalation
48
aggulination
The clumping together of micro-organisms or of blood cells
49
antibody
A substance produced in response to a specific antigen; it combines with the antigen to neutralise
50
antigen
Any substance capable of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissue
51
autologous transfusion
A transfusion using the patient’s own blood
52
coagulation
Formation of a blood clot
53
cryoprecipitate
A blood product used in transfusions; produced by freezing the plasma and thawing it slowly
54
haematocrit
The ratio of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
55
haemophilia
An inherited disorder in which the blood clots slowly or not at all
56
Lymphoid tissue
tissue containing many lymphocytes and macrophages
57
Pericardium
membrane enclosing the heart
58
Phagocytic cell
cell that can engulf and digest micro-organisms and cell debris
59
Semilunar valve
valve preventing blood from flowing back into the ventricles; located at the start of the aorta and pulmonary artery
60
Vasoconstriction
Decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, restricting the flow of blood
61
Vasodilation
Increase in the diameter of blood vessels, increasing the flow of blood
62
bile
Secretion of the liver, stored in the gall bladder and released into the small intestine
63
bile salts
Substances that break fats into tiny droplets
64
chemical digestion
The breakdown of food to small molecules by chemicals
65
Coelic disease
an autoimmune disease due to the immune system reacting to gluten
66
Elimination
removal of indigestible material, bacteria and bile pigments from the body
67
Emulsify
to mix two liquids that would not normally mix
68
Gastric gland
the secretory unit of the stomach located in the gastric pits; produces gastric juice
69
Gastric juice
the digestive juice secreted by the glands of the stomach
70
Intestinal juice
the digestive juice secreted by the glands of the small intestine
71
Lacteal
A lymph capillary in the small intestine; absorbs fat from digested foods
72
mastication
The process of chewing; to grind or crush food with teeth
73
mechanical digestion
The mechanical breakdown of food into small particles
74
peristalsis
Waves of muscular contraction that push food along the alimentary canal
75
pyloric sphincter
A ring of smooth muscle between the stomach and the duodenum
76
ribonuclease
An enzyme in pancreatic juice that digests RNA
77
Salivary gland
gland in the mouth that secretes saliva
78
Segmentation
a process occurring in the small intestine which uses the contraction of circular muscles to push the chyme into segments, mixing it with digestive juices
79
Trypsin
an enzyme in pancreatic juice that breaks down protein; also known as pancreatic amylase
80
Deamination
the removal of the amino group from an amino acid molecule
81
Dialysis
a method of removing waste from the blood when kidney failure occurs
82
Excretion
removal of the wastes of metabolism from the body
83
Facultative reabsorption
the process whereby carrier proteins assist the movement of substances through the cell membrane
84
Glomerular filtration
the filtration of blood in the kidney
85
Haemodialysis
process in which blood is passed through an artificial kidney or dialysis machine
86
Nephron
functional unit of the kidney
87
Peritoneal dialysis
dialysis occurring inside the body, using the peritoneum as the membrane across which wastes can be removed
88
Peritoneum
the membrane that lines the inside of the abdominal cavity
89
Selective reabsorption
the reabsorption of some substances and not others in the renal tubules
90
Tubular secretion
the process whereby ions and drugs are secreted from the blood into the kidney tubule
91
Contractibility
ability to contract
92
extensibility
The ability of muscle fibres to be stretched when pulled
93
Elasticity
the abilitity of muscle fibres to return to their original length after being stretched

yr.11 Human Biology (10 decks)

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