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yr.11 Human Biology > sem 1 yr.11 exam > Flashcards

sem 1 yr.11 exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Accuracy

A

extent to which the measurements are correct

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2
Q

Blind experiment

A

an experiment where the subjects do not know whether they are receiving the test treatment or the placebo

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3
Q

Double blind experiment

A

an experiment where neither the subject nor the experimenter knows who receives the test treatment or placebo

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4
Q

Fair test

A

test that only changes the independent variable and controls all other variables to test hypothesis

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5
Q

Placebo

A

a substance or procedure that has no active substance but is used as a control test

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6
Q

Reliability

A

the extent to which an experiment gives the same result each time it is performed

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7
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which an experiment tests what it is supposed to test

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8
Q

Active transport

A

The use of energy to move substances, usually ions, across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient

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9
Q

carrier-mediated transport

A

Transport of ions or molecules across a cell membrane by special carrier proteins

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10
Q

cellular respiration

A

The chemical reactions that make energy available for the cell

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11
Q

carrier protein

A

A protein that carries substances from one side of the cell membrane to the other

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12
Q

channel protein

A

A protein that allows ions, water and small molecules to pass through the cell membrane

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13
Q

concentration gradient

A

A difference in concentration of a solution, often between the inside and outside of a cell

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14
Q

connective tissue

A

Tissue providing support for body organs

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15
Q

diffusion

A

The movement of particles of a liquid or a gas so that they are distributed evenly over the available space

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16
Q

endocytosis

A

The process by which a cell takes in materials by enfolding and enclosing them

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17
Q

epithelium

A

Tissue that forms the outer part of the skin and that lines hollow organs and ducts

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18
Q

exocytosis

A

The process whereby the contents of the vesicles of cells are pushed out through the cell membrane

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19
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

The process whereby proteins allow the movement of substances through the cell membrane along the concentration gradient

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20
Q

facilitated transport

A

Proteins in the cell membrane allow molecules to be transported across the membrane

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21
Q

homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external environment

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22
Q

inclusion

A

Chemical substances inside a cell in the form of granules or droplets

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23
Q

matrix

A

Non-cellular material between the cells of a tissue

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24
Q

osmosis

A

The diffusion of water molecules through a differentially permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

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25
Q

osmotic pressure

A

The pressure due to differences in concentration on either side of a differentially permeable membrane

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26
Q

Phagocytosis

A

the process by which a cell surrounds, and takes in, solid particles

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27
Q

Pinocytosis

A

the process by which cells enfold, and takes in, drops of liquid

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28
Q

Protein channel

A

a pathway though a protein in the cell membrane that allows the passage of substances across the membrane

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29
Q

Simple diffusion

A

the process of substances moving along the concentration gradient in a solution or across a semipermeable membrane, without the use of membrane proteins

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30
Q

Solvent

A

a substance, often water, in which a solute is dissolved

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31
Q

Vesicle

A

a small membrane-bound cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, smaller then vacuoles

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32
Q

Vesicular transport

A

the transport of materials into or out of a cell in membrane-bound sacs; also called bulk transport

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33
Q

Activation energy

A

the energy needed to break the bonds of the reacting particles in a chemical reaction; the energy needed to start a chemical reaction

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34
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

respiration requiring oxygen

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35
Q

Anabolism

A

the process of combining small molecules to make larger ones; it requires energy

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36
Q

Catabolism

A

chemical reactions that break down large organic molecules into smaller ones, with the release of energy

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37
Q

catalyst

A

A substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction, increasing the rate of the reaction without being consumed

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38
Q

Coenzyme

A

non-protein organic molecules that are essential for the functioning of an enzyme

39
Q

Cofactor

A

the ions or inorganic molecules required by enzymes to catalyse a reaction

40
Q

Denature

A

to change the molecular structure of a protein by heating, a change in pH, adding detergents or shaking

41
Q

Enzyme

A

an organic substance that increases the speed of chemical changes without being altered or destroyed in the change; an organic catalyst

42
Q

Enzyme inhibitor

A

a substance that slows or stops an enzyme’s activity

43
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

the structure formed when an enzyme and a substrate combine

44
Q

Substrate

A

a molecule upon which an enzyme acts

45
Q

Pleura

A

a membrane covering the surface of the lungs

46
Q

Pleural fluid

A

a thin layer of fluid within the pleura that allows the lungs to move during breathing

47
Q

ventilation

A

The process of inhalation and exhalation

48
Q

aggulination

A

The clumping together of micro-organisms or of blood cells

49
Q

antibody

A

A substance produced in response to a specific antigen; it combines with the antigen to neutralise

50
Q

antigen

A

Any substance capable of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissue

51
Q

autologous transfusion

A

A transfusion using the patient’s own blood

52
Q

coagulation

A

Formation of a blood clot

53
Q

cryoprecipitate

A

A blood product used in transfusions; produced by freezing the plasma and thawing it slowly

54
Q

haematocrit

A

The ratio of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

55
Q

haemophilia

A

An inherited disorder in which the blood clots slowly or not at all

56
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

tissue containing many lymphocytes and macrophages

57
Q

Pericardium

A

membrane enclosing the heart

58
Q

Phagocytic cell

A

cell that can engulf and digest micro-organisms and cell debris

59
Q

Semilunar valve

A

valve preventing blood from flowing back into the ventricles; located at the start of the aorta and pulmonary artery

60
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, restricting the flow of blood

61
Q

Vasodilation

A

Increase in the diameter of blood vessels, increasing the flow of blood

62
Q

bile

A

Secretion of the liver, stored in the gall bladder and released into the small intestine

63
Q

bile salts

A

Substances that break fats into tiny droplets

64
Q

chemical digestion

A

The breakdown of food to small molecules by chemicals

65
Q

Coelic disease

A

an autoimmune disease due to the immune system reacting to gluten

66
Q

Elimination

A

removal of indigestible material, bacteria and bile pigments from the body

67
Q

Emulsify

A

to mix two liquids that would not normally mix

68
Q

Gastric gland

A

the secretory unit of the stomach located in the gastric pits; produces gastric juice

69
Q

Gastric juice

A

the digestive juice secreted by the glands of the stomach

70
Q

Intestinal juice

A

the digestive juice secreted by the glands of the small intestine

71
Q

Lacteal

A

A lymph capillary in the small intestine; absorbs fat from digested foods

72
Q

mastication

A

The process of chewing; to grind or crush food with teeth

73
Q

mechanical digestion

A

The mechanical breakdown of food into small particles

74
Q

peristalsis

A

Waves of muscular contraction that push food along the alimentary canal

75
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

A ring of smooth muscle between the stomach and the duodenum

76
Q

ribonuclease

A

An enzyme in pancreatic juice that digests RNA

77
Q

Salivary gland

A

gland in the mouth that secretes saliva

78
Q

Segmentation

A

a process occurring in the small intestine which uses the contraction of circular muscles to push the chyme into segments, mixing it with digestive juices

79
Q

Trypsin

A

an enzyme in pancreatic juice that breaks down protein; also known as pancreatic amylase

80
Q

Deamination

A

the removal of the amino group from an amino acid molecule

81
Q

Dialysis

A

a method of removing waste from the blood when kidney failure occurs

82
Q

Excretion

A

removal of the wastes of metabolism from the body

83
Q

Facultative reabsorption

A

the process whereby carrier proteins assist the movement of substances through the cell membrane

84
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

the filtration of blood in the kidney

85
Q

Haemodialysis

A

process in which blood is passed through an artificial kidney or dialysis machine

86
Q

Nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney

87
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

dialysis occurring inside the body, using the peritoneum as the membrane across which wastes can be removed

88
Q

Peritoneum

A

the membrane that lines the inside of the abdominal cavity

89
Q

Selective reabsorption

A

the reabsorption of some substances and not others in the renal tubules

90
Q

Tubular secretion

A

the process whereby ions and drugs are secreted from the blood into the kidney tubule

91
Q

Contractibility

A

ability to contract

92
Q

extensibility

A

The ability of muscle fibres to be stretched when pulled

93
Q

Elasticity

A

the abilitity of muscle fibres to return to their original length after being stretched

yr.11 Human Biology (10 decks)

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