Musculoskeletal Flashcards
1
Q
Types of muscle
A
Skeletal
smooth
cardiac
2
Q
Skeletal muscle
A
voluntary
Move bone
attached to bone
3
Q
Smooth
A
Unconscious
Found in organs
4
Q
cardiac
A
Involuntary
Heart
5
Q
contractibility
A
Ability to contract
6
Q
extensibility
A
Ability to be stretched past original length
7
Q
elasticity
A
Ability to return to original length after being stretched
8
Q
excitibality
A
Ability to be stimulated by a nerve impulse
9
Q
muscle composition
A
Muscle, muscle bundle, muscle fibres, myofibril, myofilament, actin and myosin.
10
Q
myosin
A
Thick myofilament
composed of myosin protein
11
Q
actin
A
Thin myofilament
Composed of actin protein
12
Q
perimysium
A
Connective tissue
surrounds muscle bundle to function as individual unit
Allows adjacent bundles to slide easily over another when contracting
13
Q
epimysium
A
Connective tissue
Holds bundles together
towards end of muscle, taper and blend to form tendon
14
Q
muscle fibre
A
Elongated cylinder and multinuclei
10-100 micrometres diameter
Mm to cm length
15
Q
Sarcolemma
A
transparent plasma membrane of muscle fibre Contains sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)
16
Q
myofibrils
A
Thread-like
found in sarcoplasm
Parallel to each other, run length of fibre
100-1000s fibres per muscle fibre
17
Q
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
A
tubular network surrounding myofibrils
Storage site for calcium ions, released for contraction
18
Q
myofilaments
A
Made of proteins
unit involved in contraction of muscle
19
Q
Explanation of actin and myosin
A
when supplied with energy, Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) and nerve impulses, actin and myosin slide past each other in a manner that shortens myofibril.
Arrangment of Myosin and Actin give muscle a banded effect, thus skeletal and cardiac have a striated appearance.
striations allow myofibrils to be divided into sarcomeres
20
Q
Sliding filament theory
A
states that shortening of sarcomeres during muscle contraction is due to the actin and myosin filaments sliding one over another.
21
Q
Sarcomere
A
distance between z-lines
22
Q
A Band
A
length of myosin
23
Q
H-zone
A
Middle of A-band
24
Q
I-band
A
Distance between myosin
Only contains actin
25
contraction
Z-lines shorten as actin slides over myosin, shortening sarcomere.
Fibres shorten, therefore muscle too.
26
energy release
Energy is released when ATP breaks down Adenosine DiPhosphate (ADP) and a phosphate group
27
tendons
Attach bone to skeleton
inelastic fibrous tissue
Attached to bone in a way that they bridge joint
28
types of joints
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Fixed (fibrous)
slightly moveable (cartilaginous)
Freely moveable (synovial)
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29
Fibrous joint
no movement between the two bones
| Eg. Cranium
30
Cartilaginous joint
Held in place by cartilage, allows slight movement to occur
| eg. Joints between ribs
31
Synovial joint
Freely moveable, amount of movement limited by ligaments, muscles, tendons and adjoining bones.
32
types of synovial joints
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Ball and socket
Winge joint
Pivot joint
gliding joint
Saddle joint
condyloid joint
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33
Ball and socket
spherical head of one bone fits into a cup-like cavity of another
(eg. Shoulder)
34
Hinge joint
allow movement in one plane, covers surface of one bone and fits into concave surface of another
(Eg. Elbow)
35
Pivot joint
rounded, pointed or conical bone articulates with a ring, formed partly by one bone and partly by a ligament
(eg. Radius and ulna meet at elbow)
36
Gliding joint
movement in any direction
| Eg. Carpals and tarsals
37
Saddle joint
concave on 1 direction and convex in other
| eg. Where thumb joins palm of the hand
38
Condyloid joint
one surface of bone slightly convex that fits into a slightly concave depression in another bone
(eg. In fingers)
39
Antagonist pairs
muscles that move parts of skeleton are always grouped in pairs
40
Antagonist
muscle producing movement in opposing direction
41
Origin
end of the muscle fixed to stationary bone
42
Insertion
attachment to movable bone of the other end of the muscle
43
Belly
fleshy portion of muscle between origin and insertion
44
Agonist
prime mover
| Causes desired action
45
synergists
Muscles that help prime movers
may produce same movement or steady joint during movement to prevent unwanted movement.
Prime mover can function more efficiently
46
fixator
When synergists immobilises joint
| stabilises one part of the body during movement of another part
47
Muscle tone
maintain partial contraction of skeletal muscles
not enough muscle fibres contracting to produce movement.
No constant contraction, fibres take turns contracting
48
posture
Characteristic way person holds their body
49
functions of skeleton
Provides scaffolding to support weight of rest of the body
Facilitates movement by being points of attachment for muscles
protects vital internal organs
Produces red blood cells
stores and releases minerals and fats
50
articulation
Where bones meet so that they are able to move relative to one another
51
flat bone
Protects internal organs
52
long bone
Supports weight and allows movement
53
sesamoid bone
Protects tendons
54
irregular bone
Variable nature helps to protect different structures
55
short bones
Provide stability and some movement
56
axial skeleton
Consists of bones that lie around the central axis of the body
provide main support for erect posture and protection of the central nervous system and organs contained within thorax
57
Appendicular skeleton
Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
58
diaphysis
Shaft making up main portion of bone
hollow cylinder of compact bone surrounding medullary cavity
Fat storage site, often called yellow bone marrow cavity
59
epiphysis
Enlarged ends of the bone
covered with thin layer of cartilage
Compact bone on outside, central is spongy (cancellous bone)
60
cancellous bone
porous
| Contains red bone marrow, site of RBC production
61
periosteum
Dense, white fibrous outer covering of bone
| no periosteum at joints, as covered by articular cartilage
62
Connective tissue
consist of cells separated from each other by large amounts of non-cellular material called matrix
63
Compact bone
consists of osteons (bone cells)
| Running parallel to axis of bone
64
Spongy bone
cancellous bone
Irregular arrangement of thin, bony plates called trabeculae
bone cells occupy spaces in tabreculae
Blood vessels pass through irregular spaces in matrix
65
Structure of cartilage
Connective tissue
fibres made of protein called collagen
chondrin is matrix of a protein-carbohydrates complex made up of collagen.
Chondrin=structural support
fibres=flexibilty
Chondroblasts produce matrix and gradually become surrounded and until they are surrounded in small places called lacunae. Once this occurs cells considered to be mature and are called chondrocytes.
66
Cartilage types
hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage
67
Hyaline cartilage
Make up rings of trachea and bronchi
closely packed collagenous fibres in matrix.
Strength and flexibility
68
elastic cartilage
Conspicuous elastic fibres
collagenous not as packed as Hyaline
Found in ear
Flexible elasticity
69
fibrocartilage
Coarse appearance
able to be compressed
Where weight of body being supported
in spine, knees
70
cartilage
No blood vessels therefore diffusion through matrix is required. slow process therefore slow rate of metabolism, takes long to heal.
fibrous membrane of connective tissue covering surface of cartilage is Perichondrium.
Perichondrium supplies blood to cartilage through blood vessels.
71
joint
Site where two bones meet
72
synovial cavity
Between articulating surfaces of bones
| surrounded by synovial membrane
74
Articular capsule
surrounds and encloses the joint
75
Two layers of articular capsule
Fibrous capsule
| synovial capsule
76
fibrous capsule
Outer layer
connected to peritoneum of articulating bone
Holds bone together
dense fibrous connective tissue.
77
Synovial membrane
inner layer
Loose connective tissue
well supplied with blood capillaries
78
Synovial fluid
serceted by synovial membrane
Fills synovial cavity
provides nourishment for cells of articular cartilage
Prevents articular cartilage from coming in contact
contain phagocytic cells removing micro-organisms and debris
79
Articular cartilage
covers outside of bones
| Provides smooth surface for movement
80
articular discs
Only some synovial joints have it.
divide cavity into two so fluid can be directed to areas of greatest friction
In knee it is meniscus
81
bursae
Little sacs of synovial fluid
| prevent friction between bone with ligament, tendon or skin.
82
Ligaments
hold the bones together in many joints
83
Keeping joints together
fit of articulating bones
Strength of joint ligaments holding bones together
tension provided by muscles around joint
84
Osteoporosis
cause: decrease of bone density, smoking
Treatment: adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D, medication and excersise
symptons: fractures and breakages of bone
85
Osteoarthritis
gradual change in the joints occur over time, associated with ageing
Cause: ageing, irritation of joints, wear or abrasions
treatment: no cure, meds to relieve pain, physio to strengthen muscles around joint, surgery to realign joint, remove bony growth or joint replacement
Symptom: deterioration of cartilage, bony growths due to exposed ends of bones, loss of movement.
86
structure of synovial cavity
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Articular capsule
synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
articular discs
Bursae
Ligaments
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