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yr.11 Human Biology > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Types of muscle

A

Skeletal
smooth
cardiac

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

voluntary
Move bone
attached to bone

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3
Q

Smooth

A

Unconscious

Found in organs

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4
Q

cardiac

A

Involuntary

Heart

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5
Q

contractibility

A

Ability to contract

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6
Q

extensibility

A

Ability to be stretched past original length

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7
Q

elasticity

A

Ability to return to original length after being stretched

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8
Q

excitibality

A

Ability to be stimulated by a nerve impulse

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9
Q

muscle composition

A

Muscle, muscle bundle, muscle fibres, myofibril, myofilament, actin and myosin.

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10
Q

myosin

A

Thick myofilament

composed of myosin protein

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11
Q

actin

A

Thin myofilament

Composed of actin protein

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12
Q

perimysium

A

Connective tissue
surrounds muscle bundle to function as individual unit
Allows adjacent bundles to slide easily over another when contracting

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13
Q

epimysium

A

Connective tissue
Holds bundles together
towards end of muscle, taper and blend to form tendon

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14
Q

muscle fibre

A

Elongated cylinder and multinuclei
10-100 micrometres diameter
Mm to cm length

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15
Q

Sarcolemma

A 
transparent plasma membrane of muscle fibre
Contains sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)
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16
Q

myofibrils

A

Thread-like
found in sarcoplasm
Parallel to each other, run length of fibre
100-1000s fibres per muscle fibre

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17
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

tubular network surrounding myofibrils

Storage site for calcium ions, released for contraction

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18
Q

myofilaments

A

Made of proteins

unit involved in contraction of muscle

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19
Q

Explanation of actin and myosin

A

when supplied with energy, Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) and nerve impulses, actin and myosin slide past each other in a manner that shortens myofibril.
Arrangment of Myosin and Actin give muscle a banded effect, thus skeletal and cardiac have a striated appearance.
striations allow myofibrils to be divided into sarcomeres

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20
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

states that shortening of sarcomeres during muscle contraction is due to the actin and myosin filaments sliding one over another.

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21
Q

Sarcomere

A

distance between z-lines

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22
Q

A Band

A

length of myosin

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23
Q

H-zone

A

Middle of A-band

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24
Q

I-band

A

Distance between myosin

Only contains actin

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25
Q

contraction

A

Z-lines shorten as actin slides over myosin, shortening sarcomere.
Fibres shorten, therefore muscle too.

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26
Q

energy release

A

Energy is released when ATP breaks down Adenosine DiPhosphate (ADP) and a phosphate group

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27
Q

tendons

A

Attach bone to skeleton
inelastic fibrous tissue
Attached to bone in a way that they bridge joint

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28
Q

types of joints

A 
Fixed (fibrous)
slightly moveable (cartilaginous)
Freely moveable (synovial)
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29
Q

Fibrous joint

A

no movement between the two bones

Eg. Cranium

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30
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Held in place by cartilage, allows slight movement to occur

eg. Joints between ribs

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31
Q

Synovial joint

A

Freely moveable, amount of movement limited by ligaments, muscles, tendons and adjoining bones.

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32
Q

types of synovial joints

A 
Ball and socket 
Winge joint
Pivot joint 
gliding joint 
Saddle joint
condyloid joint
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33
Q

Ball and socket

A

spherical head of one bone fits into a cup-like cavity of another
(eg. Shoulder)

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34
Q

Hinge joint

A

allow movement in one plane, covers surface of one bone and fits into concave surface of another
(Eg. Elbow)

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35
Q

Pivot joint

A

rounded, pointed or conical bone articulates with a ring, formed partly by one bone and partly by a ligament
(eg. Radius and ulna meet at elbow)

36
Q

Gliding joint

A

movement in any direction

Eg. Carpals and tarsals

37
Q

Saddle joint

A

concave on 1 direction and convex in other

eg. Where thumb joins palm of the hand

38
Q

Condyloid joint

A

one surface of bone slightly convex that fits into a slightly concave depression in another bone
(eg. In fingers)

39
Q

Antagonist pairs

A

muscles that move parts of skeleton are always grouped in pairs

40
Q

Antagonist

A

muscle producing movement in opposing direction

41
Q

Origin

A

end of the muscle fixed to stationary bone

42
Q

Insertion

A

attachment to movable bone of the other end of the muscle

43
Q

Belly

A

fleshy portion of muscle between origin and insertion

44
Q

Agonist

A

prime mover

Causes desired action

45
Q

synergists

A

Muscles that help prime movers
may produce same movement or steady joint during movement to prevent unwanted movement.
Prime mover can function more efficiently

46
Q

fixator

A

When synergists immobilises joint

stabilises one part of the body during movement of another part

47
Q

Muscle tone

A

maintain partial contraction of skeletal muscles
not enough muscle fibres contracting to produce movement.
No constant contraction, fibres take turns contracting

48
Q

posture

A

Characteristic way person holds their body

49
Q

functions of skeleton

A

Provides scaffolding to support weight of rest of the body
Facilitates movement by being points of attachment for muscles
protects vital internal organs
Produces red blood cells
stores and releases minerals and fats

50
Q

articulation

A

Where bones meet so that they are able to move relative to one another

51
Q

flat bone

A

Protects internal organs

52
Q

long bone

A

Supports weight and allows movement

53
Q

sesamoid bone

A

Protects tendons

54
Q

irregular bone

A

Variable nature helps to protect different structures

55
Q

short bones

A

Provide stability and some movement

56
Q

axial skeleton

A

Consists of bones that lie around the central axis of the body
provide main support for erect posture and protection of the central nervous system and organs contained within thorax

57
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle

58
Q

diaphysis

A

Shaft making up main portion of bone
hollow cylinder of compact bone surrounding medullary cavity
Fat storage site, often called yellow bone marrow cavity

59
Q

epiphysis

A

Enlarged ends of the bone
covered with thin layer of cartilage
Compact bone on outside, central is spongy (cancellous bone)

60
Q

cancellous bone

A

porous

Contains red bone marrow, site of RBC production

61
Q

periosteum

A

Dense, white fibrous outer covering of bone

no periosteum at joints, as covered by articular cartilage

62
Q

Connective tissue

A

consist of cells separated from each other by large amounts of non-cellular material called matrix

63
Q

Compact bone

A

consists of osteons (bone cells)

Running parallel to axis of bone

64
Q

Spongy bone

A

cancellous bone
Irregular arrangement of thin, bony plates called trabeculae
bone cells occupy spaces in tabreculae
Blood vessels pass through irregular spaces in matrix

65
Q

Structure of cartilage

A

Connective tissue
fibres made of protein called collagen
chondrin is matrix of a protein-carbohydrates complex made up of collagen.
Chondrin=structural support
fibres=flexibilty
Chondroblasts produce matrix and gradually become surrounded and until they are surrounded in small places called lacunae. Once this occurs cells considered to be mature and are called chondrocytes.

66
Q

Cartilage types

A

hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

67
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Make up rings of trachea and bronchi
closely packed collagenous fibres in matrix.
Strength and flexibility

68
Q

elastic cartilage

A

Conspicuous elastic fibres
collagenous not as packed as Hyaline
Found in ear
Flexible elasticity

69
Q

fibrocartilage

A

Coarse appearance
able to be compressed
Where weight of body being supported
in spine, knees

70
Q

cartilage

A

No blood vessels therefore diffusion through matrix is required. slow process therefore slow rate of metabolism, takes long to heal.
fibrous membrane of connective tissue covering surface of cartilage is Perichondrium.
Perichondrium supplies blood to cartilage through blood vessels.

71
Q

joint

A

Site where two bones meet

72
Q

synovial cavity

A

Between articulating surfaces of bones

surrounded by synovial membrane

74
Q

Articular capsule

A

surrounds and encloses the joint

75
Q

Two layers of articular capsule

A

Fibrous capsule

synovial capsule

76
Q

fibrous capsule

A

Outer layer
connected to peritoneum of articulating bone
Holds bone together
dense fibrous connective tissue.

77
Q

Synovial membrane

A

inner layer
Loose connective tissue
well supplied with blood capillaries

78
Q

Synovial fluid

A

serceted by synovial membrane
Fills synovial cavity
provides nourishment for cells of articular cartilage
Prevents articular cartilage from coming in contact
contain phagocytic cells removing micro-organisms and debris

79
Q

Articular cartilage

A

covers outside of bones

Provides smooth surface for movement

80
Q

articular discs

A

Only some synovial joints have it.
divide cavity into two so fluid can be directed to areas of greatest friction
In knee it is meniscus

81
Q

bursae

A

Little sacs of synovial fluid

prevent friction between bone with ligament, tendon or skin.

82
Q

Ligaments

A

hold the bones together in many joints

83
Q

Keeping joints together

A

fit of articulating bones
Strength of joint ligaments holding bones together
tension provided by muscles around joint

84
Q

Osteoporosis

A

cause: decrease of bone density, smoking
Treatment: adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D, medication and excersise
symptons: fractures and breakages of bone

85
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

gradual change in the joints occur over time, associated with ageing
Cause: ageing, irritation of joints, wear or abrasions
treatment: no cure, meds to relieve pain, physio to strengthen muscles around joint, surgery to realign joint, remove bony growth or joint replacement
Symptom: deterioration of cartilage, bony growths due to exposed ends of bones, loss of movement.

86
Q

structure of synovial cavity

A 
Articular capsule 
synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
articular discs
Bursae
Ligaments

yr.11 Human Biology (10 decks)

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