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yr.11 Human Biology > Respiratory, circulatory, digestive > Flashcards

Respiratory, circulatory, digestive Flashcards

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1
Q

Alveoli

A

air sacs in the lungs

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2
Q

Asthma

A

an allergic condition that causes narrowing of the airways and difficulty breathing.

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3
Q

Bronchiole

A

a very small air tube

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4
Q

Concentration gradient

A

a difference in concentration of a solution, often between the inside and outside of a cell; also called diffusion gradient

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5
Q

Emphysema

A

a disease of the lungs that damages the alveoli; caused by long term exposures to irritants

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6
Q

Epiglottis

A

a cartilage flap at the base of the pharynx that covers the trachea during swallowing

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7
Q

larynx

A

The structure at the top of the trachea that contains the vocal cord

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8
Q

Oesophagus

A

the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach

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9
Q

Pharynx

A

the throat; the pharynx joins the mouth cavity to the oesophagus and larynx

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10
Q

Pleura

A

a membrane covering the surface of the lungs

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11
Q

Pleural fluid

A

thin layer of fluid within the pleura that allows the lungs to move during breathing

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12
Q

Primary bronchi

A

the first branching from the trachea, entering the left and right lungs

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13
Q

Respiratory system

A

the system specialised to facilitate the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide

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14
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

the division of the primary bronchi, taking air into each lobe of the lungs

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15
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

the end of the bronchioles before they form alveoli

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16
Q

Tertiary bronchi

A

the division of the secondary bronchi

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17
Q

Trachea

A

the tube that takes air from the throat to the lungs; the windpipe

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18
Q

Tuberculosis

A

a lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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19
Q

Ventilation

A

the process of inhalation and exhalation; breathing

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20
Q

Vocal cord

A

membrane in the larynx that vibrates, producing sounds

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21
Q

ABO blood group system

A

A method of classifying blood types according to the antigens on the surface of the red blood cells

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22
Q

aggulination

A

The clumping together of micro-organisms or of blood cells

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23
Q

antibody

A

A substance produced in response to a specific antigen; it combines with the antigen to neutralise or destroy it

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24
Q

Antigen

A

any substance produced in response to a specific antigen; it combines with the antigen to neutralise or destroy it

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25
Q

Antigen

A

any substance capable of antibodies when introduced into the tissue

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26
Q

Arteriole

A

a very small artery

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27
Q

Atrial systole

A

contraction of the atria of the heart

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28
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

valves within the heart that ensures the blood flows through it in one direction only

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29
Q

Autologous transfusion

A

a transfusion using the patient’s own blood

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30
Q

Biconcave

A

shaped concave on both sides, dipping inwards in the centre

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31
Q

Blood clotting

A

formation of a blood clot; also known as coagulation

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32
Q

Capillary

A

a microscopic blood vessel that links arterioles and venules

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33
Q

Carbaminoheamoglobin

A

a molecule resulting from a combination of carbon dioxide and haemoglobin

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34
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

the cycle of events that occurs in one complete heartbeat

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35
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

the muscle that forms the wall of the heart

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36
Q

Cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart in one minute

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37
Q

chordae tendineae

A

Tendon-like structures that connect papillary muscle to valves

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38
Q

circulation

A

The movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels

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39
Q

circulatory system

A

The body’s transport system, consisting of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lymph and lymph vessels

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40
Q

clot

A

Blood cells, platelets and plasma trapped together in a mesh of fibrin

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41
Q

clot retraction

A

Contraction of the fibrous threads of a blood clot

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42
Q

Clotting factors

A

chemical substances in blood plasma that allow blood to clot

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43
Q

Coagulation

A

the process of blood becoming gel-like; also called clotting

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44
Q

Cryoprecipitate

A

a blood product used in transfusions; produced by freezing the plasma and thawing it slowly

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45
Q

Diastole

A

the period of relaxation of the heart, during which it fills with blood

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46
Q

Fibrin

A

an insoluble protein that forms blood clots by holding blood cells, platelets and plasma together in a mesh

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47
Q

Formed element

A

any cell or cell-like structure in the blood

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48
Q

Haematocrit

A

the ratio of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

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49
Q

Haemoglobin

A

the pigment in red blood cells to the total volume of blood

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50
Q

Haemoglobin

A

the pigment in red blood cells; it is involved in the transport of oxygen and some carbon dioxide through the body

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51
Q

Haemophilia

A

an inherited disorder in which the blood clots slowly or not at all

52
Q

Heart

A

a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood

53
Q

Heart rate

A

the number of heartbeats per minute

54
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

a group of proteins, antibodies are immunoglobins

55
Q

lymph

A

Colourless fluid that circulates through the lymphatic vessels before returning to the blood

56
Q

lymph node

A

An oval or bean-shaped structure found on the lymphatic vessels; it is involved in protection against infection; also called a lymph gland

57
Q

lymphatic system

A

A system of vessels that drains excess fluid from the tissues; also called the lymph system

58
Q

lymphatic vessel

A

A large vessel that collects lymph from the lymph capillaries; lymphatics vessels join up and eventually return lymph to the blood

59
Q

lymphocyte

A

A type of white blood cell; also found in lymph nodes and in lymph

60
Q

lymphoid tissue

A

Tissue containing many lymphocytes and macrophages; found mostly in the lymph nodes but also in the bone marrow, tonsils, spleen and thymus

61
Q

macrophage

A

A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte

62
Q

metabolic wastes

A

Substances produced by cells that cannot be used and that would be harmful if allowed to accumulate

63
Q

oxygenated blood

A

Oxygen combined with haemoglobin

64
Q

papillary muscles

A

Muscles in the ventricles of the heart that anchor the valves

65
Q

pericardium

A

Membrane enclosing the heart

66
Q

phagocytic cell

A

Cell that can engulf and digest micro-organisms and cell debris

67
Q

plasma

A

the fluid part of the blood in which the cells are suspended

68
Q

plasma cell

A

Cell that develops from a B cell and produces antibodies

69
Q

Platelet

A

one of the formed elements of blood; a fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a membrane but lacking a nucleus; also called a thrombocyte

70
Q

Platelet concentrate

A

a component of blood used in transfusions

71
Q

red cell concentrate

A

A compound of blood used in transfusions; produced by spinning blood in a centrifuge

72
Q

Rh blood group system

A

A method of classifying blood types according to the antigens on the surface of the red blood cells

73
Q

semilunar valve

A

Valve preventing blood from flowing back into the ventricles; located at the start of the aorta and the pulmonary artery

74
Q

Septum

A

the partition between the left and right sides of the heart

75
Q

Serum

A

the protein-rich fluid that separates out when blood co-agulates

76
Q

Sternum

A

the breastbone

77
Q

Stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle during one contraction

78
Q

Systole

A

the period when heart muscle contracts

79
Q

Transfusion

A

The transfer of blood, or of some of the components of blood, into the circulation of a person

80
Q

vasoconstriction

A

Decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, restricting the flow of blood

81
Q

vasodilation

A

Increase in the diameter of blood vessels, increasing the flow of blood

82
Q

Vasodilator

A

substance that produces a local widening, or dilation, of blood vessels

83
Q

Ventricular systole

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the ventricles contract

84
Q

Venue

A

small vein

85
Q

Whole blood

A

blood taken from a donor, with a chemical added to prevent clotting; used in transfusions

86
Q

Active transport

A

the use of energy to move substances, usually ions, across a cell membrane

87
Q

Alimentary canal

A

the tube via which food passes through the body, consisting of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach and intestines; also called the digestive tract

88
Q

Bile

A

a secretion of the liver, stored in the gall bladder and released into the small intestine

89
Q

Bile salts

A

substances that break fats into tiny droplets

90
Q

Bolus

A

a ball-like structure of food and saliva

91
Q

Canine

A

the pointed tooth between the incisors and premolars

92
Q

Chemical digestion

A

the breakdown of food to small molecules by chemicals

93
Q

Chyme

A

the semifluid mass of partially digested food that leaves the stomach

94
Q

Circular muscle

A

Smooth muscles fibres arranged in a circle around an organ, such as the stomach

95
Q

coeliac muscle

A

an autoimmune disease due to the immune system reacting to gluten

96
Q

Colorectal cancer

A

cancer in the colon and rectum; also called bowel cancer

97
Q

Deoxyribonuclease

A

an enzyme in pancreatic juice that digests DNA

98
Q

Digestion

A

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food to small molecules that can be absorbed into the body

99
Q

Digestive system

A

the system that breaks down the food taken into the body ready for absorption into the cells

100
Q

Elimination

A

removal of indigestible material, bacteria and bile pigments from the body

101
Q

Emulsify

A

to mix two liquids that would not normally mix

102
Q

Gastric gland

A

the secretory unit of the stomach in gastric pits; produces gastric juice

103
Q

Gastric juice

A

the digestive juice secreted by the glands of the stomach

104
Q

Incisor

A

the narrow-edge tooth at the front of th mouth; used for cutting

105
Q

Ingestion

A

the intake of food, liquids or drugs into the mouth

106
Q

Intestinal juices

A

the digestive juice secreted by the glands of the small intestine

107
Q

Lacteal

A

a lymph capillary in the small intestine; it absorbs fat from the digested food

108
Q

Large intestine

A

the part of the intestine between the small intestine and the anus; it is made up of the caecum, colon and rectum

109
Q

Longitudinal muscle

A

smooth muscle with fibres arranged lengthwise along an organ

110
Q

Mastication

A

the process of chewing; to grind or crush food with the teeth

111
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

the mechanical breakdown of food into smaller particles

112
Q

Microvilli

A

microscopic projections from the membrane of cells’ lining of the small intestine; they increase surface area for absorption

113
Q

Mucosa

A

a mucous membrane that forms the internal lining of the alimentary canal

114
Q

Oesophagus

A

the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach

115
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

an enzyme in pancreatic juice that breaks down fats

116
Q

Peristalsis

A

waves of muscular contraction that push food along the alimentary canal

117
Q

Pharynx

A

the throat; the pharynx joins the mouth cavity to the oesophagus and larynx

118
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

a ring of smooth muscle between the stomach and the duodenum

119
Q

Ribonuclease

A

an enzyme in pancreatic juice that digests RNA

120
Q

Saliva

A

a fluid secreted into the mouth by salivary glands to begin digestion of food

121
Q

Salivary gland

A

gland in the mouth that secretes saliva

122
Q

Segmentation

A

a process occurring in the small intestine which uses the contraction of circular muscles to push the chyme into segments, mixing it with digestive juices

123
Q

Small intestine

A

the longest part of the alimentary canal; receives material from the stomach

124
Q

Stomach

A

a muscular organ that receives food from the oesophagus, and mixes it with acid and enzymes to form chyme

125
Q

Trypsin

A

an enzyme in pancreatic juice that breaks down protein; also known as pancreatic amylase

126
Q

villi

A

Projections from the internal lining of the small intestine; also, projections of the chorion that grow into the lining of the uterus

yr.11 Human Biology (10 decks)

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