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yr.11 Human Biology > sem 2 exam > Flashcards

sem 2 exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell membrane

A

outer boundary of cell

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2
Q

Nucleolus

A

manufactures protein

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3
Q

Functions of membrane

A

acts as physical barrier
Regulates passage of materials
sensitive to changes
Helps support the cell

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4
Q

simple diffusion

A

Spreading out of molecules so evenly spread over space available

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5
Q

concentration gradient

A

Greater the difference in concentration, the steeper the diffusion gradient and faster the rate of diffusion

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6
Q

net diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration along a concentration gradient

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7
Q

osmosis

A

Diffusion pf a solvent through differentially permeable membrane in order to balance concentration of another substance

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8
Q

lymph

A

Fluid returned to circulatory system through lymphatic

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9
Q

pharynx

A

Region from nasal cavity to trachea and oesophagus

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10
Q

larynx

A

Cartilage structure joining pharynx and trachea
contains vocal cords

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11
Q

Pleura

A

membrane covering the surface of the lungs
Pleural fluid - thin layer of fluid within pleura that allows lungs to move during breathing

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12
Q

blod clotting

A

vasoconstriction
Platelet plug
coagulation
Clot retraction

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13
Q

vasoconstriction

A

Reduces blood flow to damaged arteries

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14
Q

platelet plug

A

Platelets stick to rough surface of damaged blood vessel walls
presence of platelets causes plug

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15
Q

Coagulation

A

Clotting of blood because of fibrin.
fibrin mesh traps blood cells, platelets and plasma

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16
Q

Clot retraction

A

contraction of fibrous threads of a blood clot
Network of threads contracts, becoming denser and stronger, pulling edges of the damaged blood vessels together.

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17
Q

aggulination

A

The clumping together of micro-organisms or of blood cells

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18
Q

macrophages

A

Phagocytic cells that engulf and digest micro-organisms and cell debris

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19
Q

ingestion

A

Intake of food

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20
Q

mastication

A

Process of chewing, to grind or crush food with teeth

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21
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

Ring of smooth muscle between the stomach and the duodenum

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22
Q

3 regions of small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Lieum

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23
Q

Duodenum

A

first part of small intestine
Chemical digestion occurs here

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24
Q

jejunum

A

Middle section
absorption of carbohydrates and proteins

25
Q

Lieu

A

final part
B12, bile salt, remaining products of digestion are absorbed

26
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

breaks down starch into disaccharide maltose

27
Q

Trypsin

A

splits protein into peptides

28
Q

Pancreatic lipases

A

Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

29
Q

ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

A

Digest RNA and DNA

30
Q

peptidase

A

Break down peptides into amino acids

31
Q

sucrase, lactase and maltase

A

Sucrose, lactose and maltose into monosaccharides glucose, fructose and galactose

32
Q

renal capsule

A

A tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney

33
Q

renal cortex

A

Outer part of the kidney

34
Q

renal medulla

A

Inner part of kidney

35
Q

renal pelvis

A

Cavity of the kidney that collects urine before it passes to the ureter

36
Q

renal hilum

A

A depression in the kidney where blood vessels and ureter enter

37
Q

renal pyramid

A

section of the renal medulla

38
Q

Renal column

A

extension of the renal cortex that divides the renal medulla into renal pyramid

39
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney
where urine is formed
1.2million per kidney
Surrounded by capillaries

40
Q

Steps of urine production

A

Glomerular filtration
Reabsorption
Tubular secretion

41
Q

dialysis

A

Method of removing wastes from blood when kidney failure

42
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

Catheter, tube, placed through wall of abdomen.
wastes follow concentration gradient out of the body into bag.

43
Q

Haemodialysis

A

passing blood through artificial kidney or dialysis machine.

44
Q

Form of muscle

A

muscle bundle -> muscle fibres -> myofibril -> myofilament -> myosin/actin

45
Q

Perimysium

A

surrounds muscle bundle
Allows adjacent bundles to slide easily over another when contracting, allowing bundles to function as individual unit.

46
Q

Epimysium

A

Holds bundles together
towards end of muscle, taper and blend to form tendon.

47
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

states that shortening of sarcomere during muscle contraction is due to the actin and myosin filaments sliding one over another.

48
Q

Synergists

A

muscles that help prime movers
May produce same movement or steady joint during movement
prevents unwanted movement
Prime mover can function more efficiently

49
Q

fixator

A

When synergism immobilises joint
stabilises one part of the body during movement of another part

50
Q

Types of joints

A

fibrous (fixed)
Cartilaginous (slightly moveable)
Synovial (free movable)

51
Q

Synovial cavity

A

between articulating surfaces of bones
Surrounded by synovial membrane

52
Q

synovial fluid

A

Secreted by synovial membrane
fills synovial cavity
Lubricates synovial cavity
provides nourishment for cells of articular cartilage
Prevents articular cartilage from coming in contact
contains phagocytic cells removing micro-organisms and debris

53
Q

Histone

A

protein in which DNA wraps around to form nucleosome

54
Q

Random (indépendant) assortment

A

when chromosomes separating to each pole during first meiotic division
Happens independently, copy of chromosome 1 egg receives in no way influences what pair of chromosome 5 egg receives

55
Q

cancer

A

Uncontrolled division of cells
produces tumours
Don’t specialise into surrounding tissue therefore easy to spot under microscope.

56
Q

tumours

A

Malignant
Metastasis
Benign

57
Q

Malignant

A

Able to spread to other parts of body

58
Q

mestastisis

A

Spreading of tumour cells to form secondary tumours in different parts of the body

59
Q

benign

A

Unable to invade normal tissues, therefore don’t spread

yr.11 Human Biology (10 decks)

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