sem 2 exam Flashcards
Cell membrane
outer boundary of cell
Nucleolus
manufactures protein
Functions of membrane
acts as physical barrier
Regulates passage of materials
sensitive to changes
Helps support the cell
simple diffusion
Spreading out of molecules so evenly spread over space available
concentration gradient
Greater the difference in concentration, the steeper the diffusion gradient and faster the rate of diffusion
net diffusion
Movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration along a concentration gradient
osmosis
Diffusion pf a solvent through differentially permeable membrane in order to balance concentration of another substance
lymph
Fluid returned to circulatory system through lymphatic
pharynx
Region from nasal cavity to trachea and oesophagus
larynx
Cartilage structure joining pharynx and trachea
contains vocal cords
Pleura
membrane covering the surface of the lungs
Pleural fluid - thin layer of fluid within pleura that allows lungs to move during breathing
blod clotting
vasoconstriction
Platelet plug
coagulation
Clot retraction
vasoconstriction
Reduces blood flow to damaged arteries
platelet plug
Platelets stick to rough surface of damaged blood vessel walls
presence of platelets causes plug
Coagulation
Clotting of blood because of fibrin.
fibrin mesh traps blood cells, platelets and plasma
Clot retraction
contraction of fibrous threads of a blood clot
Network of threads contracts, becoming denser and stronger, pulling edges of the damaged blood vessels together.
aggulination
The clumping together of micro-organisms or of blood cells
macrophages
Phagocytic cells that engulf and digest micro-organisms and cell debris
ingestion
Intake of food
mastication
Process of chewing, to grind or crush food with teeth
pyloric sphincter
Ring of smooth muscle between the stomach and the duodenum
3 regions of small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Lieum
Duodenum
first part of small intestine
Chemical digestion occurs here
jejunum
Middle section
absorption of carbohydrates and proteins
Lieu
final part
B12, bile salt, remaining products of digestion are absorbed
Pancreatic amylase
breaks down starch into disaccharide maltose
Trypsin
splits protein into peptides
Pancreatic lipases
Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease
Digest RNA and DNA
peptidase
Break down peptides into amino acids
sucrase, lactase and maltase
Sucrose, lactose and maltose into monosaccharides glucose, fructose and galactose
renal capsule
A tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney
renal cortex
Outer part of the kidney
renal medulla
Inner part of kidney
renal pelvis
Cavity of the kidney that collects urine before it passes to the ureter
renal hilum
A depression in the kidney where blood vessels and ureter enter
renal pyramid
section of the renal medulla
Renal column
extension of the renal cortex that divides the renal medulla into renal pyramid
Nephron
Functional unit of the kidney
where urine is formed
1.2million per kidney
Surrounded by capillaries
Steps of urine production
Glomerular filtration
Reabsorption
Tubular secretion
dialysis
Method of removing wastes from blood when kidney failure
peritoneal dialysis
Catheter, tube, placed through wall of abdomen.
wastes follow concentration gradient out of the body into bag.
Haemodialysis
passing blood through artificial kidney or dialysis machine.
Form of muscle
muscle bundle -> muscle fibres -> myofibril -> myofilament -> myosin/actin
Perimysium
surrounds muscle bundle
Allows adjacent bundles to slide easily over another when contracting, allowing bundles to function as individual unit.
Epimysium
Holds bundles together
towards end of muscle, taper and blend to form tendon.
Sliding filament theory
states that shortening of sarcomere during muscle contraction is due to the actin and myosin filaments sliding one over another.
Synergists
muscles that help prime movers
May produce same movement or steady joint during movement
prevents unwanted movement
Prime mover can function more efficiently
fixator
When synergism immobilises joint
stabilises one part of the body during movement of another part
Types of joints
fibrous (fixed)
Cartilaginous (slightly moveable)
Synovial (free movable)
Synovial cavity
between articulating surfaces of bones
Surrounded by synovial membrane
synovial fluid
Secreted by synovial membrane
fills synovial cavity
Lubricates synovial cavity
provides nourishment for cells of articular cartilage
Prevents articular cartilage from coming in contact
contains phagocytic cells removing micro-organisms and debris
Histone
protein in which DNA wraps around to form nucleosome
Random (indépendant) assortment
when chromosomes separating to each pole during first meiotic division
Happens independently, copy of chromosome 1 egg receives in no way influences what pair of chromosome 5 egg receives
cancer
Uncontrolled division of cells
produces tumours
Don’t specialise into surrounding tissue therefore easy to spot under microscope.
tumours
Malignant
Metastasis
Benign
Malignant
Able to spread to other parts of body
mestastisis
Spreading of tumour cells to form secondary tumours in different parts of the body
benign
Unable to invade normal tissues, therefore don’t spread
