Treatment, Intervention & Prevention Flashcards
Conditioned vs. unconditioned stimulus
To tease out whether it is an unconditioned or conditioned stimulus, you need only ask yourself whether the response is universal. Does everyone get sexually stimulated when they see a shoe? Clearly not! So the stimulus has been conditioned for that unique individual.
Differential reinforcement for other behaviors (DRO)
DRO, or differential reinforcement for other behaviors, combines operant extinction for an undesired behavior with reinforcement for more appropriate behavior. For example a child is ignored when she whines, and complimented when she politely asks for what she wants.
Average effect size of psychotherapy outcome research
The average effect size found in recent psychotherapy outcome research is about .85. Keep in mind that an effect size is a measure of standard deviation, so .85 means that treated people do about .85 of a standard deviation better than untreated individuals.
Psychodynamic perspectives in treatment
Neo-Freudian: focus of the Neo-Freudians is on how social and cultural factors influence and shape personality.
Classical Analyst: Classical analysts focus intensely on underlying unconscious conflicts
Ego Analyst: The ego analysts focus on ego defensive and conflict-free functioning
Cognitive Behaviorist: cognitive behaviorists focus on beliefs
Self-Instruction therapy
Theorist: Meichenbaum
Self-Instructional Therapy, developed by Meichenbaum, is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that combines modeling and graduated practice with elements of Rational-Emotive Theory, to help children or adults that have problems with task completion. This approach has been widely implemented and is especially useful with hyperactive and impulsive children.
Rational Emotive Therapy
Theorist: Albert Ellis
Focus: irrational beliefs
Original form of CBT
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a short-term form ofpsychotherapythat helps you identify self-defeating thoughts and feelings, challenge the rationality of those feelings, and replace them with healthier, more productive beliefs. REBT focuses mostly on the present time to help you understand how unhealthy thoughts and beliefs create emotional distress which, in turn, leads to unhealthy actions and behaviors that interfere with your current lifegoals
Different level of community prevention approaches
Primary (Well population)
Health promotion, addressing early risk factors, social and genetic factors
Secondary (People who are at-risk)
Screening, control of risk factors and early intervention
Tertiary (People with a MH dx)
A supportive program set up after an individual is released from the hospital would be tertiary prevention, which aims to prevent relapse and keep a person functioning at the highest level possible. Other examples of tertiary prevention would include day treatment programs for people with Schizophrenia, or AA for alcoholics.
Are there differences in treatment outcomes in minorities vs. non-minorities?
Minorities are more likely to discontinue from treatment early. However if they engage there are no significant differences in treatment outcomes. No evidence to support matching a minority patient with a person of the same background.
Cognitive Therapy
Theorist: Beck
Focus: automatic thoughts and logical errors
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Theorist: Meichenbaum (also developer of self-instructional therapy)
Focus: positive self-statements
what is the most effective reinforcement schedule?
During acquisition of a new behavior, the highest rates of responding are associated with a schedule of continuous reinforcement, i.e., when behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs. Therefore, while people are trained on continuous reinforcement schedules, these schedules are typically ‘thinned,’ or gradually changed to intermittent schedules of reinforcement. Of all the intermittent schedules, Response 2, the variable ratio, results in the highest rates of responding.
Counterconditioning & aversive counterconditioning
counterconditioning, a person learns a new response (e.g., pleasurable feelings) that is incompatible with a problematic response (e.g., performance anxiety).
Aversive counterconditioning (Response 2) involves pairing a pleasurable but problematic conditioned stimulus (e.g., the taste of alcohol) with a more powerful, aversive unconditioned stimulus (e.g., vomiting because the person has taken Antabuse)
