Cognitive Affective Bases of Behavior Flashcards
Operant conditioning: reinforcement- Premack principle
commonly occurring action (one more desirable for the actor) can be used effectively as areinforcerfor a less commonly occurring one (that is, one less desirable for the actor). A common example used to illustrate this principle is a parent requiring a child to clean his or her room before he or she can watchtelevision.
Behavioral contrast
The term behavioral contrast applies to the situation in which two behaviors are initially reinforced at equal levels and then one behavior stops being reinforced. What typically occurs is that the behavior that is no longer being reinforced decreases in frequency, while the behavior that continues to be reinforced increases in frequency. This concept is all about reinforcement, and of the theorists listed only Skinner theorizes about reinforcement.
Extinction
Children often continue to tantrum because the attention they garner acts as reinforcement for them. A typical behavioral recommendation therefore is extinction, withholding the attention or other reinforcement. After extinction begins, an extinction burst (or response burst) typically occurs, during which the tantrums first intensify. Over time, however, the behavior decreases
Defense mechanisms
Repression is at the core of all defense mechanisms. Repression is making the conscious unconscious.
Denial refers to refusal to accept the existence of mental content.
Projection is attributing one’s own impulses to someone else, like in paranoia.
Reaction formation involves transforming an urge into it’s opposite (like having homosexual thoughts and then acting like a huge homophobe)
Classical conditioning
Mechanism: Pairing.
Theorists: Watson and Pavlov.
JohnWatsonproposed that the process ofclassical conditioning(based on Pavlov’s observations) was able to explain all aspects of human psychology. Everything from speech to emotional responses was simply patterns of stimulus and response.Watsondenied completely the existence of the mind or consciousness.
Operant conditioning
Mechanism: positive and negative reinforcement
Theorists: Thorndike, elaborated on by Skinner
- underlying theory: law of effect
Protocol Analysis
A protocol analysis involves subjects verbalizing their thought process as they perform a task. The goal is to better understand the person’s cognitive process, especially concerning problem-solving, although it is understood that the process of verbalizing may actually alter the cognitive process. Supervisors and supervisees often carefully review process notes, which are a transcript of a session written from the supervisee’s memory
Adler: Individual Psychology (psychodynamic)
Alfred Adler
Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology has been widely adapted and used in parenting programs. STEP (Systematic Training in Effective Parenting) helps parents structure family life so that children experience natural and logical consequences of both good behavior and misbehavior. These programs also help parents to identify the goals of their children’s misbehavior (e.g., attention) so that they can help their children reach their goals in healthier, more adaptive ways.
Structured Family Therapy
Salvador Minuchin
Structural family therapy(SFT) is a method ofpsychotherapydeveloped bySalvador Minuchinwhich addresses problems in functioning within a family. Structural family therapists strive to enter, or “join”, thefamily systemin therapy in order to understand the invisible rules which govern its functioning, map the relationships between family members or betweensubsetsof the family, and ultimately disrupt dysfunctional relationships within the family, causing it to stabilize into healthier patterns.[1]Minuchin contends that pathology rests not in the individual, but within the family system.
Family Systems Theory
Murray Bowen
Bowen family systems theory is a theory of human behavior that views the family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the unit’s complex interactions. It is the nature of a family that its members are intensely connected emotionally. Often people feel distant or disconnected from their families, but this is more feeling than fact. Families so profoundly affect their members’ thoughts, feelings, and actions that it often seems as if people are living under the same “emotional skin.” People solicit each other’s attention, approval, and support, and they react to each other’s needs, expectations, and upsets. This connectedness and reactivity make the functioning of family members interdependent.
Brief Therapy
Jay Hayley
Brief therapy, which Haley played a critical role in founding, focuses on treating a person’s symptoms by advocating practical behavioral strategies and coping skills. Strategic therapy, which is a form of brief therapy, develops specific approaches for each problem, slowly influencing the client to make healthy life changes. Therapists must identify specific, solvable problems, then set goals for the resolution of those problems. A key component of brief therapy is the ongoing examination of the therapeutic process and its outcome. Therapists must change their approach if it’s not working. Rather than focusing on increasing self-awareness or disclosure, the therapist’s goal is to foster measurable improvements in the client’s life.
Zeigarnik effect
The Zeigarnik effect refers to the phenomenon that people are more likely to remember uncompleted tasks than completed tasks. For example, examinees are more likely to remember test items of which they were uncertain (i.e., the task feels uncompleted).
Cannon Bard theory
The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously. When an event is perceived (e.g., taking the exam), messages are sent at the same time to the hypothalamus, which arouses the body, and to the limbic system, which causes the subjective experience of anxiety
James Lange theory
emotions result from perceiving bodily reactions or responses. In this case, you perceived your bodily reaction (heart racing) and concluded you must be very anxious.
Schacter’s two-factor theory
Schacter’s Two-Factor theory proposes that emotion results from both internal information (hypothalamus and limbic system) and external information (the context). According to this theory you would be experiencing physiological arousal (racing heart), and would then look to the environment (the licensing exam) to help you label the emotion as anxiety, rather than, for example excitement
Freudian Personality Theory components (psychodynamic)
Id: pleasure principle
Ego: reality principle
Superego: internalization of society’s values an standards
Jungs Analytical Psychotherapy (psychodynamic)
collective unconscious
archtypes: primordial images that help people to understand things in a universal way
goal: individuation - integration of conscious and unconscious.
Object relations theory (psychodynamic)
Mahler,
Main concept is separation, individuation. conflict between independence and dependence which is manifested as separation anxiety.
Rogers Person centered therapy (humanistic)
focus on right environment: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, accurate empathic understanding
Perls’s Gestalt therapy (humanistic)
key concept is boundary disturbances: introjection (imposing external expectations on oneself), projection (attributing aspects of oneself to other people), retroflection (turning feelings inward on oneself), confluence (guilt, resentment)
Klerman and Weisman’s Interpersonal therapy (IPT, brief therapy)
problem behaviors attirbuted to problems in social relationships.
primary problem areas: unresolved grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, interpersonal deficits
Solution focused therapy (brief therapy)
Questions: miracle, exception, scaling
Prochaska and DiClemete’s Transtheoretical model of change (brief)
Stages of change (PCP AMT) precontemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance termination
