Social & Multicultural bases of behavior

Question 1

Culturally encapsulated therapist

Answer 1

A culturally encapsulated therapist is someone who tends to make inappropriate generalizations about a particular group of clients based on race or culture (Response 3). More specifically, the therapist makes narrow assumptions about reality, is insensitive to cultural variations among individuals, disregards evidence disconfirming the superiority of the dominant culture, resorts to technique-oriented strategies and short-term solutions, and judges others according to the encapsulated therapist’s self-reference criteria.

Question 2

Hawthorne effect

Answer 2

Change in behavior just from being observed (think hawk)

Question 3

Rosenthal effect

Answer 3

Subject changes behavior in response to unintentional cues from experimenters that signal the expected outcome.

Question 4

Barnum effect

Answer 4

Person perceives meaning un a statement that can be generalized to anyone (think psychics or horoscopes, hint: entertainment like Barnum and Baileys circus)

Question 5

Law of effect

Answer 5

People tend to repeat things that previously resulted in a pleasurable response.

Question 6

Sue and Sue’s model of racial/cultural identity

Answer 6

Conformity,
the minority person unequivocally prefers the dominant culture’s values over his or her own

Dissonance,
the minority person becomes increasingly aware that not all values of dominant culture are beneficial, and certain aspects of minority culture begin to have appeal

Resistance and immersion,
the tides turn and the minority person tends to endorse minority held views, and reject the dominant values of society and culture

Introspection
involves a deeper analysis of attitudes and feelings

Integrative awareness,
the person can appreciate unique aspects of his or her own culture as well as those of the dominant culture.

Question 7

Gender and attributions

Answer 7

Men: attribute successes to high level of ability and failure to lack of effort or unfair treatment.

Women: attribute success to high effort or outside help and failure to lack of ability

Question 8

Fundamental attribution bias

Answer 8

overestimate the role of dispositional factors and underestimate the role of situational factors

Belief in a just world: view victims as the the cause of their own misfortunes.

Question 9

overjustification hypothesis

Answer 9

when an external reward is given for an intrinsically rewarding activity, the intrinsic interest in the activity decreases (i.e., pizza parties for reading)

Question 10

Hardiness

Answer 10

Used to explain why some people are more resilient to stress

1. committment, purpose, involement in relationships
2. Challenge, openness to new experiences and change
3. control, belief that one has the ability to influence or manage life events.

Question 11

Conformity to social norms

Answer 11

Sherif and Asch
autokinetic effect: when people are placed in a group, their estimations tend to converge.
people are less likely to conform when even one person deviates from the group norm or if they can make a judgement anonymously

Question 12

Compliance with requests

Answer 12

foot in the door: start small, go big

door in the face: start big, then ask for what you want

Question 13

Types of responses

Answer 13

Compliance: change in behavior but not private beliefs

Identification: change in behavior and private beliefs as long as the person admires the influencing agent (STANs)

Internatization: change in behavior and private belief because the person truly accepts the beliefs of another person.

Question 14

Psychological reactance

Answer 14

When an attempt at social influence results in people feeling a loss of personal freedom they tend to act in a way that is opposite of what is desired.
Mask

Question 15

Bases of social power

Answer 15

Coercive
Reward
Expert
Referent
Legitimate
Informational;

Question 16

Theory of planned behavior

Answer 16

attitude are accurate predictors of behavior when all three components of behavior management are assessed.

1. attitude towards engaging in behavior
2. what they believe other people will think
3. persons perceived behavioral control

Question 17

Balance theory

Answer 17

Uses theory of cognitive dissonance to explain attitude change. 
If Paul (P) likes Olive (O) and they both like foreign films, it is balance, there is no dissonance, no need to change. 

If P like O, P hates foreign films but finds the O loves them, situation is no balance and he will be motivated to change his attitude about either foreign films or O

Question 18

Elaboration Likelihood model

Answer 18

Persuasion works either by the central or peripheral route.
Central: listener is motivated, message is interesting,/important, and listener is in a negative mood, more enduring change. quality of argument is important.

Peripheral: based on mental shortcuts, listener is unmotivated, message is uninteresting or unimportant, and listener is in a positive mood. quantity over quality

Question 19

Social Learning Theory

Answer 19

Bandura
aggressive behavior is the result of observational learning
bobo doll experiement
Child more likley to mimic actor when they are liked, successful, rewarded, of the same gender

Question 20

Factors that affect aggression

Answer 20

Deindividuation

Social roles: prison experiment

Catharsis: has not been supported. Basically if someone has acted aggressively towards someone, it makes it more likely that they will act aggressively towards them in the future.

Threat of retaliation: threat of retaliation plus provocation increases the likelihood of violence.

Question 21

Racism

Answer 21

institutionalized racism is the most fundamental level where is change were to occur here, there would likely be significant change at other levels.

Symbolic racism: these racists reject obvious forms of prejudice and discrimination but attribute social and economic problems of a group to internal factors (lack of effort or discipline). they do not support measures that would assist those who have been the target of discrimination

intergroup contact to reduce prejudice

Question 22

Cooperation - Robbers Cave study

Answer 22

the only thing that helped to reduce intergroup hostility was superordinate goals.

Jigsaw method: creating multiethnic groups of students. they each had one part of a group task and were to teach the other students their peice. this increased cooperation, self-esteem, and reduced ethnic sterotypes.

Question 23

Bystander intervention

Answer 23

Bystander apathy is greater when there are more people

pluralistic ignorance: people think they dont need to help because other people are not helping.

evaluation apprehension: people don’t help because the fear social disaproval

diffusion of responsibility: people dont accept social responsibility because they think others will help.

Question 24

Field theory

Answer 24

Lewin
behavior is a function of the person and the physical and social environment
B=f(P, E)

Intraindividual conflict

• approach-appraoch: 2 good things
• avoidance-avoidance: rock and hard place
• approach-avoidance: one thing that has pros and cons
• double approach-avoidance: 2 things that both have pros and cons

Question 25

Effects of crowding

Answer 25

Crowding can enhance positive effects if it is in a positive high arousing environment (concert, funny/action movie, comedy show).
crowds enhance positive experiences but make negative experiences more unpleasant
Americans, men, people low in self-esteem/high in authoritarianism need more space and react more aggressively in crowds.