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EPPP > Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Medications for mood disorders

A

Buspar: anxiety disorders
Prozac: depression
Lithium carbonate: BP (also anticonvulsants Tegretol and valproic acid)
Haloperidol: schizophrenia and tic disorders

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2
Q

Reinforcement model

A

The reinforcement model is not a theory but a set of principles that predicts that people do more of things that have rewarding outcomes, avoid things that have punishing outcomes, and stop doing things that are neither rewarding nor punishing.

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3
Q

Expectancy theory

A

Vroom

asserts that people behave in ways that are based on their perceived expectancy that certain rewards will follow.

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4
Q

Two factor theory

A

Herzberg

predicts that increasing employees’ responsibility (a motivator) will result in increased satisfaction and performance.

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5
Q

Equity theory

A

looks at the ratio of self inputs/self outcomes versus others’ inputs/others’ outcomes, and is based on Social Comparison Theory.

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine is involved in voluntary movement (myasthenia gravis- muscle weakness). involved in sleep wake cycle specifically REM sleep. degeneration of ACh associated with Alzheimer’s hence cholinesterase inhibitors.

Dopamine is involuntary movement (think PD and tourettes). Dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia. Role of dopamine in addiction

Serotonin is involved with mood disorders, sleep onset (think melatonin), sex, and aggression.

Norepinephrine is also involved with mood disorders, and (think SNRI and SSRI). Catecholamine hypothesis predicts that low levels of norepinephrine contributes to depression.

GABA is inhibitory nt. low levels of GABA is associated with anxiety. benzos increase the effects of GABA. low levels of GABA in basal ganglia associated with Huntington’s.

Glutamate is excitatory nt. Involved in learning and memory specifically long term potantiation. Excessive glutamate related to seizures and other neurodegenerative conditions like HD and AD.

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7
Q

Cerebral palsy most commonly results from

A

trauma at birth

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8
Q

Withdrawal symptoms

A

Withdrawal from ETOH and sedatives most likely to cause hallucinations
The substances whose withdrawal syndromes involve hallucinations are alcohol, and the category of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. Withdrawal from these substances can potentially be fatal. Phenobarbital is a barbiturate, which is a type of hypnotic. Very commonly used in the 1950s, barbiturates are rarely prescribed as hypnotics now. They still have a prominent place in the treatment of seizures. There is no characteristic withdrawal syndrome for hallucinogens (Response 1). Withdrawal from amphetamines (Response 2) is characterized by dysphoria, fatigue, unpleasant dreams, increased appetite, and psychomotor agitation or retardation. Opioid withdrawal (Response 3) is known for flu-like symptoms.

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9
Q

EEG brain waves

A 
Alpha: relaxed wakefulness
Beta: alert wakefulness
Theta: stage 1 sleep
Delta: slow waves which occur in stage 3-4
REM
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10
Q

Development of CNS

A
  • Proliferation (2.5 weeks) new cells in neural tube
  • migration (8 weeks) immature neurons migrate to their final desitination in brain and aggregate to form new structures
  • Differentiation: develop axons and dendrites
  • myelination: most myelination by glial cells happens postnatally
  • synaptogenesis: occurs post natally. based on genetic and experiential factors.
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11
Q

Hindbrain: Medulla

A

influences flow of information between spinal cord and brain. coordinates coughing, swallowing, sneezing as well as other vital life functions. damage is usually fatal.

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12
Q

Hindbrain: pons

A

connects the halves of the cerebellum and important for integration of left and right sided body movements.

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13
Q

Hindbrain: cerebellum

A

important for balance and posture as well as performance of coordinated motor movements.
-heavily affected by alcohol. damadge to cerebellum causes ataxia which mimics alcohol intoxication.

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14
Q

Midbrain

A
  • superior colliculus: vision
  • inferior colliculus: auditory
  • substantia nigra: voluntary movement and reward (PD)
  • reticular formation: including reticular actviating system which is important for arousal and consciousness. damage could lead to permanent coma.
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15
Q

Forebrain: subcortical - thalamus

A
  • relay station- transmits sensory information for all sense but smell.
  • motor activity, language, and memory
  • Wernicke-Korsakoffs syndrome is due to thiamine deficiency which cuases atrophy to neurons in the thalamus.
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16
Q

Forbrain: subcortical - hypothalamus

A

involved in homeostatic functions (hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temp) and emotional reactions.

  • influences autonomic nervous system, pituitary, and endocrine system to maintain homeostasis.
  • Superchiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus which regulates sleep wake cycle
  • contains mamillary bodies which contribute to learning and memory
17
Q

Forebrain: subcortical - basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleas + putamen + globus pallidus (plus substantia nigra which is located in the midbrain).

  • involed in organizing, planning and coordinating voluntary movement and regulating amplitude and direction of motor movement.. also plays a role in sensorimotr learning.
  • damage here is implicated in HD, PD, Tourettes, OCD, and ADHD
18
Q

Forebrain: subcortical - Limbic system - Amygdala

A

Integrates, coordinates, and directs motivational and emotional activities.
attaches emotions to memories.

-Kluver Bucy syndrome: bilateral damage to amygdala produces hyperorality, hypersexuality, reduces fear and aggression, and causes psychic blindness

19
Q

Forbrain: subcortical - limbic system - hippocampus

A

specifically involved in learning and memory and consolidating short term to long term memory storage.
Contained within the medial temporal lobes.
damage leads to retrograde and anterograde amnesia.

20
Q

Forebrain: subcortical - limbic system - cingulate cortex

A

Surrounds the corpus callosum (which is the main connective pathway between left and right side of brain).
Anterior cingulate cortex - responsible for transmitting pain signals and the subjective experience of pain.

21
Q

brain lateralization (per EPPP)

A

Left

  • vision: letters, words
  • Hearing: language sounds
  • Memory: verbal memory
  • Language: speech, reading, writing
  • No spatial processing
  • Emotions: positive emotions
  • Reasoning: analytical, logical

Right

  • Vision: shapes, patterns, faces
  • Hearing: music, non-verbal sounds
  • Memory: nonverbal memory
  • Language: emotional content
  • All spatial processing
  • Emotions: negative
  • Reasoning: holistic, intuitive
22
Q

Forebrain: cortex - frontal lobe

A

Primary Motor Area

  • located on precentral gyrus.
  • involved in execution of motor movements. damage results in flaccid hemiplegia.

Supplementary Motor Area
-planning and control of movement and motor learning.

Premotor Cortex
-control for movement in response to external stimuli

Brocas Area

  • speech production.
  • damage leads to difficulties speaking and writing

PFC

  • Executive functioning
  • DLPFC - dysexecutive
  • OFPFC - disinhibited
  • MFPFC - apathetic
23
Q

Forebrain: cortex - parietal lobe

A

somatosensory cortex on postcentral gyrus

  • damage leads to poor spatial orientation, apraxia (inability to perform skilled motor movements), and somatosensory agnosia (inability to recognize parts of one body, inability to recognize things by touch and anosognosia - loss of insight).
  • Gerstmanns syndrome: finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia, acalculia,
24
Q

Webers law

A

related to just noticeable difference

- the more intense the stimulus the greater the increase in stimulus intensity required to increase to the point of JND

25
Q

Stevens power law

A

sensation as an exponential function of stimulus intensity.

perception depends on the modality of the sensation and degree of change (light vs electric shock)

26
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Wernickes and Brocas areas are connected by the arcuate fasiculus. damage causes anomia, paraphasia, and impaired repitition

27
Q

transcortical aphasia

A

damage to areas around Brocas and Wernickes that diconnect them from other areas of the brain.

28
Q

Papez circuit

A

circuit that mediates the experience and expression of emotion
includes hippocampus, mamillary bodies, thalamus, cingulate gyrus, cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

29
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome - GAS

A

Selye
mediated by pituitary and adrenal glands
1. alarm reaction: hypothalamus -> adrenal medulla -> increase adrenaline
2. Resistance: hypothalamus -> pituitary -> increase ACTH -> increase cortisol
3. Exhaustion: pituitary and adrenal cortex lose ability to maintain elevated hormone levels. Fatigue, depression, and illness result

30
Q

Conventional antipsychotics

A

haloperidol, chlopromazine
good for treating positive symptoms of SZ
Dopamine antagonist
side effects: anticholinergic effects, dries you out, extramyramindal sx (tardive dyskinesia)

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome : AMS, tachycardia, rigidity, hyperthermia

31
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A

clozapin, quetiapine, reperidone
Good for + and - symptoms. typically used for Bipolar Disorder and huntingtons, PD, depression and suicidality
can cause akathisia. can reduce white blood cells so regular blood monitoring in necessary

32
Q

Tricyclics (TCAs)

A

imipramine, chlomipramine
best for vegetative symptoms of depression (block reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine)
side effects: cardiotoxic, overdose can be lethal

33
Q

SSRI

A

fluoxetine, sertraline
best for melancholic depression and bulimia, panic disorder, PTSD
block reuptake of serotonin
side effects: GI problems, insomnia, headaches, sexual dysfunction

34
Q

MAOI

A

isocarboxazid, phenelzine
for atypical depression including hypersomnia and hyperphagia
]inhibit enzyme monoamine oxidase
side effects: possible hypertensive crisis if a person takes a med or food high in tyramine (fermented things, bananas, fava beans, avos)

35
Q

Mood stabilizers

A 
Lithium 
for Bipolar disorder
blocks reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine 
for less rapid cyclers
can cause GI side effects and tremor

Carbamazepine (anticonvulsant drug including valproic acid and clonazepam).
Bipolar for more rapid cyclers

36
Q

Sedative hypnotics

A

barbituates, anxiolytics, and alcohol.
produce a cross tolerance.

Barbituate interrupts the RAS
benzodiazepine stimulate GABA (inhibitory)

Busprione first anxiolytic that reduces anxiety without sedation.

37
Q

Beta blockers

A

propanalol

used for high blood pressure, cardiovascular disorders, migraines and physical symptoms of anxiety.

38
Q

Psychostimulants

A

amphetamines and methyphenidate
used for ADHD and narcolepsy
potentiates release of dopamine and norepinephrine and block reuptake.

for methylphenidate it can stunt growth. drug holidays are encouraged to minimize growth supression

EPPP (10 decks)

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