Treaties and Reservations Policy Flashcards
Origin of Reservations?
In the First Indian Appropriations Act.
Popularised in the 1860s
When was the First Indian Appropriations Act?
17th September 1851
First Fort Laramie Treaty:
1851
Tribes: Arapaho, Cheyenne, Sioux
Fort Wise Treaty:
1861
Tribes: Arapaho, Cheyenne
Medicine Lodge Treaty
1867
Tribes: Comanche, Kiowa, Plains Apache
Second Fort Laramie Treaty
1868
Tribes: Arapaho, Lakota, Sioux
Ponca Trail of Tears
- Extra information
1876
Result of the First Fort Laramie Treaty. The Ponca reservation was given to the Lakota in this treaty and they forcefully drove the Ponca out. Government organised their official removal. 200 died.
What did the First Fort Laramie Treaty do:
- End fighting between tribes
- Allow migrants passage through Indian territory
- Alow railroads and roads built in their land
- US gov would pay a tribute of $50000 each year and provide supplies
- “all time”
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act date
1834
What did the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act do?
Set up Permanent Indian Frontier.
Defined Indian territory as “west of the Mississippi”
When was President Grant’s peace policy
1868
In Grant’s ‘peace policy’ who became the Commissioner of Indian Affairs?
Ely Parker (an Indian)
How much money did Grant promise to spend on improving the conditions of the reservations and creating new ones?
$2 million
Policy adopted by Congress in 1865?
“conquest by kindness”
Which tribe attacked the army and white settlers in the south-west?
Chiricahua Apaches
When were the Mecsalero Apaches defeated?
1863
When were the Navajos and Kiowas defeated?
1864
Second Indian Appropriations Act?
1871
What was established in the Second Indian Appropriatons Act instead of tribes?
Wards
Conditions by which the Great Sioux Reserve could be changed?
Established 1868
Could only be changed if 3/4 of the male population of the tribe agreed.
What did the 2nd Indian Appropriations Act do to the Great Sioux Reserve?
Could change landholding without consultation tribe.
What did reservations encourage?
- Abandonment of polygamy
- Braves could no longer establish their skill as warriors
- Herbal remedies forbidden
- Tribal laws abolished
- Power of the Tribal Chief deomlished
1871 Act: The Indians were not seen as American citizens but…
“wards of the state”
What happened in 1880s
Series of droughts killed crops
Disease killed the cattle
What did Indian schools do?
“Killed the Indian in him and saved the man”
Punishments for not sending children to boarding school?
Rations stopped
Comment of the Yankton Sioux in Dakota: 1877
“As long as Indians live in villages they will retain many of their old and injurious habits. Frequent feasts, heathen ceremonies and dances, constant visiting - these will continue. I trust that before another year has ended they will generally be located upon individual land and farms. From that date will begin their real and permanent progress.”
What was the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act 1834?
Set up the Permanent Indian Frontier.
