Traumatic brain injuries Flashcards
TBI Symptoms
Vary from mild to severe.
Physical: loss of consciousness, headache, nausea, blurred vision, sleeping disorders
Mental: memory, speaking, depression
Glasgow Coma Scale
- Eye opening response
- Verbal response
- Motor response
Longterm outcomes for milf and severe TBIs
Severe: 15% can develop some independent living capabilities
Mild: 10-15% have symptoms one year later
Mild TBI
Temporary loss of neurological function without apparent structural damage
Post-concussion syndrome (persidtsnt post-concusion syndrome)
Constellation kg symptoms that prrsist after mild TBI
- phydical, cog, behavioral, emotional
-headache, dizziness, anxiety, insomnia, problems with concentration and memory
Biomechanical forces
- Linear
- Rotational
- Impact deceleration
Coup injury
Damage occurs directly under site of impact
Contrecoup injury
Damage occurs on the side opposite from the impact
Primary injury
Focal and diffuse: results from mechanical injury at time of trauma
Secondary injury
Caused by the physiological responses to the initial injury and include a series of neuro-chemical cascade effects
Secondary Injuries
Excitotoxicity, ischemia, inflammation
Hemorrhage
Uncontrolled bleeding inside brain
Hematoma
Blood clot in brain
Contusion
Bruise of the brain’s surface that extends down through the cortex
Cerebral ischemia
A condition in which there isn’t enough blood flow to brain to meet metabolic demand. A result of increased intracranial pressure caused by increased intracranial volume following an injury
Cerebral hypocia
A condition in which there is decreased oxygen supply to the brain
Brain herniation
A pressure gradient originating from the lesion site causes displacement of brain tissue
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Shearing of axons that leads to disconnection or malfunction of neuron’s interconnection
Axonal Pathology with DAI — AB Peptide
-retraction bulb and varicosities
-APP accumulate at injured axons
-APP proteolysis generates amyloid B peptide
Sprouting
Restoration of damaged neural circuit: new dendrites, axons, and synapses grow
Generation of new neurons
Neuronal replacement depends on maintenance of neural stem cell
Functional compensation
Uninjured areas of the brain take over the functions lost or reroute info around injured areas
