Psychiatric Didorders

Question 1

Why do mental illnesses exist?

Answer 1

1. Smoke detector principle
2. Genes vs. Individuals
3. Mismatch Theory

Question 2

Nosology

Answer 2

The branch of medical science dealing with the classification of diseases

Question 3

How are mental disorders defined?

Answer 3

Presence of clusters or patterns of symptoms (i.e. syndrome)

Question 4

Psychotic disorders

Answer 4

A group of disorders characterized by hallucinations and/or disturbed thinking/behavior

Question 5

All psychiatric disorders are characterized by at least one of the following

Answer 5

1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Negative symptoms
4. Disorganized thinking/behavior

Question 6

Schizophrenia

Answer 6

Characterized by significant impairments in perception, thoughts, moof, and behavior

Question 7

Schizophrenia symptoms

Answer 7

Positive: hallucinations and delusions
Negative: loss of willpower, anhedonia, and asociality
Cognitive deficits: memory, processing speed, attention

Question 8

Dtages of schizophrenia

Answer 8

Premorbid (0-10), prodrome (10-20), onset/progression (20-35), chronic/residual stage (35+)

Question 9

Dopamine hypothesis

Answer 9

A model that attributes the positive symptoms of schizophrenia to a disturbed and hyperactive dopaminergic signal trandfuction

Question 10

Antipsychotic drugs

Answer 10

• Haloperidol: D2 antagonist
• Risperidone: D2 antagonist and blocks serotonin receptors
  -Clozapine: more effective than others

Question 11

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder

Answer 11

Persistent perceptual disturbances after (repeated) hallucinogen use

Question 12

Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis

Answer 12

• autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies against NMDA receptors in brain
  -NMDAR-antibodies enter the brain and result in NMDAR depletion and impaired connectivity between neurons

Question 13

Bipolar disorder

Answer 13

Extreme mood swings that include emotional highs and lows

Question 14

Mood stabilizers

Answer 14

Can generally treat and prevent both the depressive and manic episodes in bipolar disordet

Question 15

Major depressive disorder

Answer 15

A mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest
- no manic or hypomanic episodes

Question 16

Monoamine hypothesis of depression

Answer 16

Posits that underlying psychophysiologic basis of depression is deficiency of the monoamine neurotransmitters seretonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in CNS

Question 17

Antidepressants

Answer 17

SSRIs block the reuptake of seretonin in the brain

Question 18

Electroconvulsive therapy

Answer 18

-safe and effective treatment for depression
-electric currents are intentionally delivered to the brain to induce a generalized seizure

Question 19

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 19

-characterized by recurrent intrusive or disturbing thoughts (obsessions), which provoke mental or physical countermeasures to alleviate obsessive thoughts
-ERP is first line
-Medication treatment is with SSRIs and clomipramine

Question 20

Functional neurological disorders

Answer 20

Conditions that cause neurological symptoms without an apparent structural problem in the nervous system

Question 21

Which part of the brain is implicated in Schizophrenia?

Answer 21

VTA