Emotion

Question 1

Brain transections

Answer 1

1. Removal of 1 or 1+ 2 -> sham rage or intense rage at the least provocation.
2. additional lesions to the hypothalamus -> no sham rage
3. hypothalamus may normally be inhibited by the cerebral cortex

Question 2

Stimulate medial hypothalamus

Answer 2

Affective aggression

Question 3

Stimulate lateral hypothalamus

Answer 3

Predatory aggression

Question 4

The Papez Circuit

Answer 4

Emotional system on the medial wall linking cortex with hypothalamus, the neuroendocrine center of the brain

Question 5

When do emotional experiences or feelings occur?

Answer 5

When the cingulate cortex integrates signals from the hypothalamus and information from the sensory cortex

Question 6

Limbic system

Answer 6

Olfactory division, Parahippocampal division, Amygdala/Prefrontal Divison

Question 7

Olfactory Division

Answer 7

Special sensory signals (smell, flavor)

Question 8

Parahippocampal Division

Answer 8

Episodic memory acquisition and consolidation, spatial mapping

Question 9

Amygdala/Prefrontal Division Function

Answer 9

Visceral motor control, emotional experience and expression, appetetive drives, social behavior

Question 10

Effect of fear conditioning

Answer 10

Responses of neurons in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) are enhanced by fear conditioningA

Question 11

Amygdala role in limbic system

Answer 11

Involved in forming memories of emotional and painful events

Question 12

Neural circuit for learned fear

Answer 12

Audiotry and somatosensory input are sent to basolateral nuclei, and then relayed to the central nucleus. Amygdala orchestrates the expression of behavioral and physiological responses by way of connection to the striatum, hypothalamus, brain stem, and cortex.

Question 13

Amygdala/Frontal circuit: role of PFC

Answer 13

Receives information from the amygdala and multi-modal sensory input from the cortex. Activation of mPFC attuentuates the activity of the amygdala.

Question 14

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

Answer 14

Coordinates interactions between amygdala and PFC.

Question 15

Amygdala/Frontal circuit (Phineas Gage)

Answer 15

1. Emotional processing, planning, appropriate social behavior, and interpretation of social cues.

Question 16

Emotional re-learning

Answer 16

Amygdala/Frontal circuit. Process context information and modify behavior when reinforcement contingencies are rapidly changing.

Question 17

Prefrontal Cortex and Decision-Making

Answer 17

PFC essential for assessing future consequences and making advantageous decisions

Question 18

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

Answer 18

Reasoned decision-making is influenced by somatic markers arising from changes in the body. The sensations and feelings, which accompanied past events influence human decisions.

Question 19

Somatic states

Answer 19

Attach value to given options and scenarios and mark them as having potential positive and negative consequences in the future

Question 20

Emotion as Associative Learning

Answer 20

Emotion results from the association of sensory stimuli with primary reinforcers

Question 21

Sensory stimuli

Answer 21

Interoceptive and exteroceptive

Question 22

Primary reinforcers

Answer 22

Rewards and punishers

Question 23

Emotional processing

Answer 23

1. Somatic/visceral (effective)
2. Cognitive (significance)
3. Subjective (feeling)