Trauma Emergencies (Blast Injuries, Eye Injuries, & Near Drowning) Flashcards
Injury from projectiles [bomb fragments, flying debris]
Secondary Blast Injuries
If eye is irritated due to dust or debris, _____.
flush with clean water
Aspiration (Wet Drowning) occurs in how many percent of victims?
85%
Assessment in eye injuries
Immediate pain
Vision changes
Redness
Visible foreign material in the eye
[Eye Injuries] Activate emergency response if with serious problems to prevent _____.
permanent vision loss
Changes in the character of lung surfactant result in exudation of protein rich plasma in the alveoli. Thus, increased permeability happens leading to pulmonary edema and hypoxemia.
Freshwater Aspiration
If with _____, protect both eyes with a
bandage or eye shield.
bleeding
The hypertonicity of sea water exerts an osmotic force, which pulls fluid from pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli. The resulting intrapulmonary shunt causes hypoxemia.
Saltwater Aspiration
Examples are penetrating trauma, fragmentation injuries, blunt trauma
Secondary Blast Injuries
The victim doesn’t aspirate fluid but suffers respiratory obstruction or asphyxia.
Dry Near Drowning
If with penetrating eye injury, cover the eyes with a _____ with sterile bandages around.
plastic glass
The victim suffers recurrence of respiratory distress (usually aspiration pneumonia or pulmonary edema) within minutes or 2 days after a near-drowning accident.
Secondary Near Drowning
It refers to the injuries sustained from a blast wave from high explosives that can cause multisystem trauma.
Blast Injuries
Examples are TM rupture, pulmonary damage and air embolization, hollow viscus injury
Primary Blast Injuries
Drug for acidosis
Sodium Bicarbonate
How many of the initial casualties do we expect to seek medical care over a one-hour period?
Half
Injuries from displacement of victim by the blast wind
Tertiary Blast Injuries
Laryngospasm (Dry Drowning) occurs in how many percent of victims?
15%
Risk Factors for near drowning:
Hypothermia
Inability to swim
Diving accidents
Alcohol and drug ingestion
Exhaustion
_____ and _____ are the primary
problems in the victims of near drowning
Hypoxemia; acidosis
All other injuries from the blast
Quaternary Blast Injuries
A near drowning victim’s ABG reveals:
Hypercarbia
Hypoxemia
Metabolic acidosis
It refers to surviving, temporarily, at least the physiologic effects of decreased oxygen in blood (hypoxemia) and acidosis that result from submersion in fluid.
Near Drowning
Injury from over-pressurization force [blast wave] impacting the body surface.
Primary Blast Injuries
The victim aspirates fluid and suffers asphyxia or secondary changes due to fluid aspirations.
Wet Near Drowning
In near drowning, ECG may show cardiac arrhythmias which are usually secondary to ____, ____ or ____.
hypothermia, acidosis, hypoxemia
Can result from direct blow, foreign bodies, or inadvertent scratching.
Eye Injuries
All bomb events have the potential for ___ and/or ___ contamination.
Chemical, Radiological
What forces an individual to inhale leading to aspiration (wet drowning)?
Reflex Mechanism
If _____, it should be flushed with copious amount of water.
chemical exposure to the eye
Examples are blunt/penetrating trauma, fractures,
and traumatic amputations
Tertiary Blast Injuries
Particulate matter such as sand or mud, chemical irritants, gastric contents that can be aspirated along with water may result in _____.
pneumonia
Examples are crush injuries, burns, asphyxia, exacerbation of chronic illness
Quaternary Blast Injuries
