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11 Biology > Transportation and Respiration > Flashcards

Transportation and Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Blood transports ____, _____, and ______

A

oxygen, nutrients and hormones

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2
Q

blood also carries this main waste back to the lungs for expiration

A

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

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3
Q

The main components of the cardiovascular system include:

A

Heart, Blood, and Vessels

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4
Q

a yellowish fluid that blood cells are suspended in is called ______

A

Plasma

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5
Q

the average human body has how many litres of blood?

A

5

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6
Q

Blood makes up approximately what percentage of body weight?

A

7%

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7
Q

what are the three major functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

transportation, regulation, and protection

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8
Q

the cardiovascular system transports different components around the body. What are some of the components that are transported?

A

nutrients, oxygen, hormones, carbone dioxide, wastes

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9
Q

the cardiovascular system regulates different components in the body. What does it regulate?

A

pH, temperature, hormones

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10
Q

The cardiovascular system helps to protect the body. What things does it do in order to protect the body?

A

Creating blood clots, creating white blood cells to fight diseases and infections

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11
Q

blood is comprised of ______, ______, _______ and ________

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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12
Q

The biology word we use for Red Blood Cells

A

Erythrocyte

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13
Q

The biology word we use for White Blood Cell

A

Leukocyte

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14
Q

The biology word we use for platelets

A

thrombocytes

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15
Q

Erythrocytes have this shape. What is the purpose of this shape?

A

Biconcave; it increases the surface area of the cell

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16
Q

Erythrocytes and leukocytes are produced where in the body?

A

Bone Marrow

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17
Q

Name two hereditary Blood Disorders.

A

Hemophilia and Sickle Cell Disease

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18
Q

What is Anemia?

A

an iron deficiency. RBC will appear smaller and more pale than normal

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19
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

a hereditary blood disorder. It changes the shape of RBC and makes them sticky. Can cause blood clots

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20
Q

White blood cells make up what percentage of blood?

A

~1%. It can double when sick

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21
Q

Plasma makes up what percentage of blood?

A

~55%

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22
Q

Red blood cells make up what percentage of blood?

A

~45%

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23
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

A

Basophils, Eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils

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24
Q

What is the name of the process in which Leukocytes engulf pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis

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25
Q

Platelets are important for what process?

A

coagulation

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26
Q

What two factors prevent clots from forming inside uninjured blood vessels?

A

the smoothness of the inner wall of the vessels and anticoagulants

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27
Q

What are the 4 major blood groups?

A

A, B, AB, and O

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28
Q

What is a person’s blood type is determined by?

A

the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBC

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29
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

A protein on the surface of a RBC. Can cause an immune response

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30
Q

What is an Antibody?

A

Proteins in the blood that are suspended in plasma. They bind to antigens to destroy them

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31
Q

People with blood type A have what type of antigens?

A

A antigens

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32
Q

People with blood type A have what type of antibodies?

A

Anti-B Antibodies

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33
Q

People with blood type B have what type of antigens?

A

B Antigens

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34
Q

People with blood type B have what type of antibodies?

A

Anti-A Antibodies

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35
Q

People with blood type AB have what type of antigens?

A

A and B antigens

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36
Q

People with blood type AB have what type of antibodies?

A

none!

37
Q

People with blood type O- have what type of antigens?

A

none!

38
Q

People with blood type A have what type of antibodies?

A

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

39
Q

what is an Rh factor?

A

an antigen that will determine positive or negative blood types

40
Q

What is agglutination?

A

an antigen-antibody reaction that creates clumps in blood when wrong types are mixed

41
Q

Which blood type is a universal donor?

A

Type O-

42
Q

what three elements make up the circulatory sustem?

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

43
Q

Blood from the pulmonary vessels transports blood where? why?

A

from the heart to the lungs and back, in order to be oxygenated and remove CO2 from the body

44
Q

Blood from the systemic vessels transports blood where? why?

A

from the heart to the tissues in all parts of the body and back, in order to deliver oxygen to the tissues and remove CO2 wastes

45
Q

what types of blood vessels are in the body?

A

arteries, capillaries, and veins

46
Q

What is the purpose of arteries

A

Carries blood away from the heart. Transports oxygen and nutrients

47
Q

What is the purpose of veins?

A

carries blood towards the heart, to transport CO2 and wastes

48
Q

what is the largest artery in the body?

A

Aorta

49
Q

what special structures do veins have?

A

Veins have valves in them to prevent backflow of blood

50
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Thin, permeable vessels. This is the location that gas and waste/nutrient exchanges are happening

51
Q

What is the name of the tough membrane that surrounds the heart?

A

pericardium

52
Q

What is the name of the structure that separates the left and right sides of the heart?

A

Septum

53
Q

Name the pathway of blood through the heart starting at the Vena Cava

A

Vena Cava > Right Atrium > Right Ventricle > Pulmonary Artery > LUNGS > Pulmonary Veins > Left Atrium > Left Ventricle > Aorta

54
Q

Which node is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

the Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

55
Q

What is systole?

A

a part of the heartbeat cycle where the ventricles contract to push blood out of the heart

56
Q

what is diastole?

A

a part of the heartbeat cycle where the heart is at rest. Blood will fill the ventricles at this stage

57
Q

What chemical regulator tells the body to increase heartrate to lower CO2 levels?

A

Noradrenaline

58
Q

what chemical regulator tells the body to slow the heartrate?

A

acetylcholine

59
Q

What is blood pressure caused by?

A

the force of blood pushing on artery walls

60
Q

what is considered a normal blood pressure?

A

120/80

61
Q

Name the causes of increased blood pressure

A

exercise, hypertension, aging, diet, lifestyle

62
Q

What is the name for the narrowing of the arteries from plaque?

A

Atherosclerosis

63
Q

Name the two respiratory system requirements

A

Respiratory surface and moist environment

64
Q

Name the structures in the Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Mouth, Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, uvula

65
Q

Exchange of oxygen and CO2 between the air and blood

A

external respiration

66
Q

exchange of oxygen and CO2 between blood and cells

A

internal respiration

67
Q

chemical reactions that use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions. Takes place in the cells

A

Cellular Respiration

68
Q

What are the three functions of the nasal cavity

A

Air is Cleaned, Moistened, and warmed

69
Q

Name the structures in the Lower Respiratory Tract

A

Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli ducts, Alveoli

70
Q

What muscles are used for breathing?

A

Intercostal and Diaphragm

71
Q

Explain Inhalation

A

ribs move upwards and outward. Diaphragm pulls down to allow lungs to expand, and pull air in to lungs

72
Q

Explain Exhalation

A

Ribs move inward and downward. Diaphragm pushes up to force air out of the lungs

73
Q

Breathing is controlled by what part of the brain?

A

Medulla Oblongata

74
Q

What do arterial chemoreceptors detect?

A

pH and CO2 levels

75
Q

Which type of blood vessel has thick walls in order to withstand high pressure?

A

Artery

76
Q

Blood vessels that allow diffusion of gases through their thin walls are the

A

capillaries

77
Q

The main function of capillaries is to?

A

The main function of capillaries is to

78
Q

The function of an artery is to

A

transport blood away from the heart.

79
Q

The blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart is the

A

pulmonary vein

80
Q

if you are an O+ blood type, you can safely receive what blood type(s)?

A

O+, O-

81
Q

if you are an O- blood type, you can safely receive what blood type(s)?

A

Only type O- is compatible!

82
Q

if you are an A+ blood type, you can safely receive what blood type(s)?

A

O+, O-, A+, A-

83
Q

if you are an A- blood type, you can safely receive what blood type(s)?

A

O-, A-

84
Q

if you are an B+ blood type, you can safely receive what blood type(s)?

A

O+, O-, B+, B-

85
Q

if you are an B- blood type, you can safely receive what blood type(s)?

A

O-, B-

86
Q

if you are an AB+ blood type, you can safely receive what blood type(s)?

A

All the blood types are compatible!

87
Q

if you are an AB- blood type, you can safely receive what blood type(s)?

A

O-. A-, B-, AB-

88
Q

the membrane that surrounds the lungs is called the ________

A

Pleura

89
Q
A

11 Biology (5 decks)

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