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11 Biology > Excretion and Waste Management > Flashcards

Excretion and Waste Management Flashcards

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1
Q

Define excretion

A

the process of getting rid of wastes that are produced in the body

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2
Q

Define Metabolism

A

the chemical reactions in the body’s cells that change food into energy

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3
Q

Ammonia is a waste product that comes from what?

A

The breakdown of Amino Acids

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4
Q

Which Organ(s) processes the waste, ammonia

A

The Kidneys

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5
Q

Urea is a waste product that comes from what?

A

a byproduct from the conversion of ammonia in the liver

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6
Q

Carbon Dioxide is a waste product that comes from what?

A

Cellular Respiration

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7
Q

Mineral salts are a waste product that comes from what?

A

Food and Water

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8
Q

Which Organ(s) processes the waste, Urea?

A

Kidneys and Skin

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9
Q

Which Organ(s) processes the waste, Carbon Dioxide

A

Lungs

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10
Q

High Ammonia levels can cause

A

confusion, tiredness, and possibly coma or death

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11
Q

When the liver is overgrown with extra tissue and lowers its ability to purify blood

A

Cirrhosis

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12
Q

What is Jaundice caused by?

A

The build-up of bilirubin in the blood

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13
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

the normal breakdown of Red Blood Cells. If the liver is healthy, it will remove bilirubin and concentrate it into bile

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14
Q

Why is Feces not considered a waste in this unit?

A

Feces removes the undigested food from the alimentary canal through the anus. Since fecal matter is not formed by metabolic reactions, this process is not considered to be an excretion

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15
Q

What is the waste that leaves the kidneys?

A

Urine

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16
Q

What is urine is composed of?

A

Water, salts, and urea

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17
Q

How much fluid can the bladder hold?

A

400-600 mL of fluid

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18
Q

What helps to control the drainage of urine from the bladder

A

two sphincters: one involuntary, and one voluntary (one you can control and one that the body automatically controls)

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19
Q

What is a UTI?

A

Urinary Tract Infection: A common infections that happen when bacteria, often from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra and infect the urinary tract

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20
Q

Why are men less likely to contract a UTI?

A

Men have a much longer urethra than women which means that bacteria have to travel much further to infect the bladder

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21
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

A

to filter blood to remove metabolic waste products from the body

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22
Q

What happens if a person only has one kidney?

A

The kidney will enlarge to handle the increased workload

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23
Q

Kidneys have multiple functions. What other jobs to do kidneys contribute to in the body?

A

control water balance (which affects blood pressure, control pH of blood, control levels of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and calcium, secrete hormones that help RBC production, activate vitamin D

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24
Q

What is the outermost layer of the Kidneys called?

A

Renal Capsule

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25
Q

What part of the Kidney is responsible for filtration?

A

Renal Cortex

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26
Q

What part of the Kidney contains the Renal Pyramids?

A

Renal Medulla

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27
Q

What part of the Kidney is responsible for transport?

A

Renal Pelvis

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28
Q

What part of the Kidney is responsible for moving urine towards the bladder?

A

Ureter

29
Q

Kidneys contain estimated millions of these structures

A

Nephrons

30
Q

What is the order that the nephric filtrate moves through the nephron?

A

Bowman’s Capsule ➔ Proximal Convoluted Tubule ➔ Descending Loop of Henle ➔ Loop of Henle ➔ Ascending Loop of Henle ➔ Distal Convoluted Tuble ➔ Collecting Duct

31
Q

The upper portion of the nephron is in what part of the kidney?

A

Renal Cortex

32
Q

The lower portion of the nephron is in what part of the kidney?

A

Renal Medulla

33
Q

The tubules of a nephron are surrounded by what?

A

A network of capillaries

34
Q

what are the three main tasks that the nephron carries out?

A

Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion

35
Q

What things are too big to be filtered through the Bowman’s Capsule?

A

Proteins and Blood cells

36
Q

Fluid in the Bowman’s Capsule is called __________.

A

Nephric Filtrate

37
Q

What happens during the reabsorption step in a nephron?

A

Materials required by the body are returned to the bloodstream

38
Q

Why do Kidney stones occur?

A

When urine is too concentrated with minerals, such as salt, they can crystallize and stick together

39
Q

Which hormone helps to balance blood volume?

A

Anti-Diuretic Hormone

40
Q

Which hormone helps to balance blood composition?

A

Aldosterone

41
Q

How do the kidneys and body balance water in the body?

A

Negative Feed Back loop

42
Q

What does ADH do?

A

ADH reduces urine volume by causing the collecting tubules allow more water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream

43
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption which increases water reabsorption into the blood

44
Q

What does drinking Alcohol do?

A

Inhibits release of ADH which means that less water will be reabsorbed. Water gets excreted and can lead to dehydration

45
Q

What is a Urinalysis?

A

a test of urine’s physical and chemical properties

46
Q

What can urinalysis detect?

A

UTIs, Kidney Disease, Diabetes, Pregnancy, drug use, etc.

47
Q

Which structure carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?

A

urethra

48
Q

The tube that carries urine out of the bladder is the ____

A

ureter

49
Q

Urine is stored in the _______

A

Bladder

50
Q

Excretion can be defined as the removal of

A

metabolic wastes from the body

51
Q

Production of urea occurs in the

A

Liver

52
Q

Which of the following metabolic wastes is excreted by the skin?

A

Urea

53
Q

Blood is brought to the glomerulus by the

A

afferent arteriole

54
Q

In a healthy person, Bowman’s capsules are found in the renal ____

A

cortex

55
Q

Blood entering the kidney is filtered by the

A

glomerulus

56
Q

The tonicity of the tissue surrounding the loop of Henle is vital to the maintenance of blood volume because it _____

A

Moves water from the urine back into the blood

57
Q

The site of tubular excretion is the

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

58
Q

Which substance would normally be found in higher concentration in urine than in blood?

A

urea

59
Q

The correct sequence for the path of urine is 1. Ureter. 2. Urethra. 3. Kidney. 4. Urinary bladder.

A

3, 1, 4, 2

60
Q

The source of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is the _____

A

Pituitary Gland

61
Q

Which of the following would increase as ADH levels rise?

A

Blood Volume

62
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by the

A

Adrenal Cortex

63
Q

Increasing the levels of aldosterone in the blood would result in

A

increased blood volume

64
Q

The hormone aldosterone is involved in the regulation of

A

sodium and potassium levels in the plasma

65
Q

Which of the following causes the release of aldosterone?

A

Low sodium levels in the blood

66
Q

Sodium levels in the blood are regulated by

A

Aldosterone

67
Q

Which of the following symptoms might be an indication of kidney failure?

A

Protein in the urine

68
Q

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases in the blood…

A

more water is reabsorbed and urine output decreases

69
Q

Low blood volume will result in

A

increased secretion of ADH and aldosterone

11 Biology (5 decks)

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