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Science Year 2 > Transport Systems > Flashcards

Transport Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Do all unicellular organisms need a transport system

A

No as via the use of active transport diffusion and osmosis unicellular organisms carry out exchange of gases, excretion and absorption of METABOLIC waste and NURIENTS respectively DIRECTLY FROM THEIR SURROUNDINGS

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2
Q

Do multicellular organisms need a transport system?

A

Yes in order for necessary functions to be carried out simultaneously which is possible by the division of labour

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3
Q

What is division of labour?

A

The idea or each type of cell, tissue and organ and system to perform 1 or a few specialised specific functions for body to carry out necessary functions

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4
Q

Where do plants obtain nutrients and water/minerals from?

A
  1. Photosynthesis occurring MAINLY at leaves
  2. Absorption of water and mineral salts via specialised cells in root
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5
Q

What do plant transport systems do with nurients and minerals?

A

Distribute these water and minerals and nutrients throughout entire plant as it is needed not just by the roots and leaves of the plant but also by the rest of the parts of the plant

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6
Q

How does the human body gain nutrients?

A

Ingesting food, then digesting it and then absorbing the nutrients from the bolus [ food ] at the ileum

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7
Q

So why is a transport system necessary in transportation of nutrients in humans ?

A

Important as to carry nutrients from digestive system to various cell tissues and organs for daily bodily functions to be carried out

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8
Q

How is oxygen gas distributed in humans?

A

Distributed to all parts of body after transportation from lungs to all parts of the body via bloodstream

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9
Q

How does oxygen gas reach to our lungs from surroundings

A

Through our respiratory tract:

Oxygen gas enters our nostrils
|
Heads to trachea
|
From trachea it is sent to bronchi and then to the bronchioles
|
Finally reaching our lungs

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10
Q

How does human body remove waste [ gaseous ]

A

Carbon dioxide which is produced by cells during respiration is then transported from sites of production to lungs for removal from body.

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11
Q

How do humans remove solid waste

A

Via egestion which is the process of solidified undigested food which is known as faces is egested for our body via the anus

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12
Q

What happens in the circulatory system in humans

A
  1. Nutrients and waste are transported via blood vessels containing blood around the body
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13
Q

What makes up the human circulatory system

A

Heart + blood + blood vessels = HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

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14
Q

What 4 components are found in our blood?

A
  1. Plasma [new]
  2. Red blood cells
  3. White blood cells [new]
  4. Platelets [new]
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15
Q

What is plasma

A

Pale yellowish liquid part of the blood

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16
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A
  1. 90% water
  2. Dissolved proteins like antibodies and hormones
  3. Enzymes
  4. Dissolved mineral salts, nutrients and waste material
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17
Q

What is a red blood cell

A

Most numerous type of cell in human body transporting oxygen from lungs to all parts of body

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18
Q

Why are there so many red blood cells?

A

More red blood cells allow higher volume of oxygen gas to be transported from lungs to rest of the body for cellular respiration to be carried out quicker resulting in faster energy generation for daily activites

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19
Q

Red blood cell structural adaptations and how they help it

A
  1. No nucleus for more space for oxygen to be stored
  2. Contains heemoglobin which is red pigment binding oxygen
  3. Biconcave shape for greater surface area to volume ratio resulting in faster diffusion of oxygen
  4. Flexible cell membrane to squeeze through narrow cell membrane
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20
Q

What are white blood cells and what do they do?

A

White blood cells are smaller in number larger in size that rbc

Plays supportive function in bodies immune system

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21
Q

What are the types of white blood cells

A

Lymphocyte: big nucleus, antibody production

Phagocyte: irregular shape nucleus, destroy foreign particles

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22
Q

What are platelets?

A

Remnants of worn out cells

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23
Q

What do platelets do

A

Trigger blood clotting in response to tissue damage

24
Q

What is a blood clot

A

Rbc tangles in insoluble fibrous protein fibrin

25
Q

What are the three main blood vessels

A
  1. Artery
  2. Vein
  3. Capillary
26
Q

What do arteries do

A
  1. Carry blood away from heart

Carry oxygenated blood

27
Q

What is the structure of artery

A

Thick muscular elastic wall to withstand high pressure of blood

NARROW LUMEN

28
Q

Tell me what do capillaries do?

A

Facilitate exchange of gaseous substances between blood and body cell tissues

29
Q

Structure of capillaries

A

Endothelium to shorten distance of diffusion between substances

30
Q

What do veins do

A

Carry blood back into the heart

Carry deoxygenated blood

31
Q

Tell me about the special structure of veins

A

Have thinner walls than artery

Contains SEMILUNAR VALVES TO PREVENT BACK FLOW OF BLOOD

WIDE LUMEN

32
Q

What happens to our heart during a contraction

A

During a contraction

left side of heart pumps blood to rest of body

right side of the heart pumps to lungs

33
Q

Special vein in pulmonary circuit

A

A special vein commonly mistaken for an artery is found in pulmonary circuit transporting blood back into the heart

IT CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD. [ IT IS THE ONLY VEIN CARYING OXYGENATED BLOOD ]

34
Q

Summary of blood flow in body carrying oxygenated/deoxygenated blood

A

Heart

Rest of body

| vein [ deoxygenated blood ]

Heart

| pulmonary artery [ deoxygenated blood ]

Lungs

| vein in pulmonary circuit [ oxygenated blood ]

Heart

artery [ oxygenated blood ]

35
Q

What does plant transport system consist of?

A

Two tissues:

Xylem and Phloem

36
Q

What does xylem do + flow type

A

Transports water and mineral soils extracted from soil via special cells in roots to rest of plant

Upwards flow

37
Q

What does phloem do + type of flow

A

Transports a solution of sucrose amino acids from PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARTS OF THE PLANT to rest of the plant

[ upwards AND downwards flow ] those roots also need some food beta

38
Q

Tell me about the structural adaptation of xylem vessels

A
  1. Thick lignified walls of cellulose and thickened with lignin
  2. Hollow allowing easy passage of water
  3. Narrow lumen allowing water molecules to flow upwards by CAPILLARY ACTION
39
Q

Are xylem vessels living things

A

Nope! They lack protoplasm hence they are not considered living tissues and do not respire

40
Q

What do phloems contain

A

Sieve tubes

And

companion cells

41
Q

What are sieve tubes structure

A

Hollow and separated by sieve plates [ remaining of cell wall ]

42
Q

What do sieve tubes do

A

Carry solution of sucrose + amino acids from photosynthetic parts of plant to rest of the plant

Process known as translocation

43
Q

What do companion cells do

A

Release energy to load sucrose and amino acids into sieve tube

44
Q

What do companion cells consist of

A

Large amounts of mitochondria

Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell where energy is generated from

Hence large amount of mitochondria is the source of energy sieve tube cells need

45
Q

What happens when plants age?

A

Stem grows to accommodate growing number of xylem and phloem as the bigger plant needs more nutrients

46
Q

What is diffusion

A

Net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration

Passive process [ don’t need energy ]

47
Q

Where does diffusion occur

A

Across a membrane as long as diffusing particles are able to pass through the membrane

48
Q

What is concentration gradient

A

Refers to difference in concentration of substance between two regions

[ the lower the number of particles in one area aka the lower the concentration gradient of particle in a given area the faster the diffusion rate ]

49
Q

Factors affecting rate of diffusion

A

Temperature: higher the higher the D

Particle mass: higher the lower the D

Medium: via gas or liquid higher but via solid D is lower

Surface area to vol: SA/vol ratio higher the higher the D

50
Q

Example of diffusion in humans

A

Oxygen gas diffuses from lungs into the bloodstream

Carbon dioxide diffuses from bloodstream into lungs

Digested food diffuses from ileum wall into bloodstream

51
Q

Example of diffusion in transport systems

A

Root hair cell of plant absorbs oxygen and mineral salts from soil via diffusion

NO WATER MOLECULES ABSORBED DURING DIFFUSION

52
Q

What is osmosis

A

Net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential THROUGH A PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE ONLY.

53
Q

Which molecules cant pass a partially permeable membrane

A

Starch and sugar as they are too big EXCEPT WATER MOLECULES

54
Q

Concentration of other nutrients and water molecule balance

A

If concentration is 20% water will be 80%

There is always a balance

55
Q

Example of osmosis plants and humans

A

Plant
Root hair cell absorb water module from surrounding soil

Human
Water molecules absorbed into bloodstream at ileum and colon

Science Year 2 (5 decks)

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