Transport Systems Flashcards
Do all unicellular organisms need a transport system
No as via the use of active transport diffusion and osmosis unicellular organisms carry out exchange of gases, excretion and absorption of METABOLIC waste and NURIENTS respectively DIRECTLY FROM THEIR SURROUNDINGS
Do multicellular organisms need a transport system?
Yes in order for necessary functions to be carried out simultaneously which is possible by the division of labour
What is division of labour?
The idea or each type of cell, tissue and organ and system to perform 1 or a few specialised specific functions for body to carry out necessary functions
Where do plants obtain nutrients and water/minerals from?
- Photosynthesis occurring MAINLY at leaves
- Absorption of water and mineral salts via specialised cells in root
What do plant transport systems do with nurients and minerals?
Distribute these water and minerals and nutrients throughout entire plant as it is needed not just by the roots and leaves of the plant but also by the rest of the parts of the plant
How does the human body gain nutrients?
Ingesting food, then digesting it and then absorbing the nutrients from the bolus [ food ] at the ileum
So why is a transport system necessary in transportation of nutrients in humans ?
Important as to carry nutrients from digestive system to various cell tissues and organs for daily bodily functions to be carried out
How is oxygen gas distributed in humans?
Distributed to all parts of body after transportation from lungs to all parts of the body via bloodstream
How does oxygen gas reach to our lungs from surroundings
Through our respiratory tract:
Oxygen gas enters our nostrils
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Heads to trachea
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From trachea it is sent to bronchi and then to the bronchioles
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Finally reaching our lungs
How does human body remove waste [ gaseous ]
Carbon dioxide which is produced by cells during respiration is then transported from sites of production to lungs for removal from body.
How do humans remove solid waste
Via egestion which is the process of solidified undigested food which is known as faces is egested for our body via the anus
What happens in the circulatory system in humans
- Nutrients and waste are transported via blood vessels containing blood around the body
What makes up the human circulatory system
Heart + blood + blood vessels = HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
What 4 components are found in our blood?
- Plasma [new]
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells [new]
- Platelets [new]
What is plasma
Pale yellowish liquid part of the blood
What does plasma consist of?
- 90% water
- Dissolved proteins like antibodies and hormones
- Enzymes
- Dissolved mineral salts, nutrients and waste material
What is a red blood cell
Most numerous type of cell in human body transporting oxygen from lungs to all parts of body
Why are there so many red blood cells?
More red blood cells allow higher volume of oxygen gas to be transported from lungs to rest of the body for cellular respiration to be carried out quicker resulting in faster energy generation for daily activites
Red blood cell structural adaptations and how they help it
- No nucleus for more space for oxygen to be stored
- Contains heemoglobin which is red pigment binding oxygen
- Biconcave shape for greater surface area to volume ratio resulting in faster diffusion of oxygen
- Flexible cell membrane to squeeze through narrow cell membrane
What are white blood cells and what do they do?
White blood cells are smaller in number larger in size that rbc
Plays supportive function in bodies immune system
What are the types of white blood cells
Lymphocyte: big nucleus, antibody production
Phagocyte: irregular shape nucleus, destroy foreign particles
What are platelets?
Remnants of worn out cells
What do platelets do
Trigger blood clotting in response to tissue damage
What is a blood clot
Rbc tangles in insoluble fibrous protein fibrin
What are the three main blood vessels
- Artery
- Vein
- Capillary
What do arteries do
- Carry blood away from heart
Carry oxygenated blood
What is the structure of artery
Thick muscular elastic wall to withstand high pressure of blood
NARROW LUMEN
Tell me what do capillaries do?
Facilitate exchange of gaseous substances between blood and body cell tissues
Structure of capillaries
Endothelium to shorten distance of diffusion between substances
What do veins do
Carry blood back into the heart
Carry deoxygenated blood
Tell me about the special structure of veins
Have thinner walls than artery
Contains SEMILUNAR VALVES TO PREVENT BACK FLOW OF BLOOD
WIDE LUMEN
What happens to our heart during a contraction
During a contraction
left side of heart pumps blood to rest of body
right side of the heart pumps to lungs
Special vein in pulmonary circuit
A special vein commonly mistaken for an artery is found in pulmonary circuit transporting blood back into the heart
IT CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD. [ IT IS THE ONLY VEIN CARYING OXYGENATED BLOOD ]
Summary of blood flow in body carrying oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
Heart
Rest of body
| vein [ deoxygenated blood ]
Heart
| pulmonary artery [ deoxygenated blood ]
Lungs
| vein in pulmonary circuit [ oxygenated blood ]
Heart
artery [ oxygenated blood ]
What does plant transport system consist of?
Two tissues:
Xylem and Phloem
What does xylem do + flow type
Transports water and mineral soils extracted from soil via special cells in roots to rest of plant
Upwards flow
What does phloem do + type of flow
Transports a solution of sucrose amino acids from PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARTS OF THE PLANT to rest of the plant
[ upwards AND downwards flow ] those roots also need some food beta
Tell me about the structural adaptation of xylem vessels
- Thick lignified walls of cellulose and thickened with lignin
- Hollow allowing easy passage of water
- Narrow lumen allowing water molecules to flow upwards by CAPILLARY ACTION
Are xylem vessels living things
Nope! They lack protoplasm hence they are not considered living tissues and do not respire
What do phloems contain
Sieve tubes
And
companion cells
What are sieve tubes structure
Hollow and separated by sieve plates [ remaining of cell wall ]
What do sieve tubes do
Carry solution of sucrose + amino acids from photosynthetic parts of plant to rest of the plant
Process known as translocation
What do companion cells do
Release energy to load sucrose and amino acids into sieve tube
What do companion cells consist of
Large amounts of mitochondria
Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell where energy is generated from
Hence large amount of mitochondria is the source of energy sieve tube cells need
What happens when plants age?
Stem grows to accommodate growing number of xylem and phloem as the bigger plant needs more nutrients
What is diffusion
Net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration
Passive process [ don’t need energy ]
Where does diffusion occur
Across a membrane as long as diffusing particles are able to pass through the membrane
What is concentration gradient
Refers to difference in concentration of substance between two regions
[ the lower the number of particles in one area aka the lower the concentration gradient of particle in a given area the faster the diffusion rate ]
Factors affecting rate of diffusion
Temperature: higher the higher the D
Particle mass: higher the lower the D
Medium: via gas or liquid higher but via solid D is lower
Surface area to vol: SA/vol ratio higher the higher the D
Example of diffusion in humans
Oxygen gas diffuses from lungs into the bloodstream
Carbon dioxide diffuses from bloodstream into lungs
Digested food diffuses from ileum wall into bloodstream
Example of diffusion in transport systems
Root hair cell of plant absorbs oxygen and mineral salts from soil via diffusion
NO WATER MOLECULES ABSORBED DURING DIFFUSION
What is osmosis
Net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential THROUGH A PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE ONLY.
Which molecules cant pass a partially permeable membrane
Starch and sugar as they are too big EXCEPT WATER MOLECULES
Concentration of other nutrients and water molecule balance
If concentration is 20% water will be 80%
There is always a balance
Example of osmosis plants and humans
Plant
Root hair cell absorb water module from surrounding soil
Human
Water molecules absorbed into bloodstream at ileum and colon
