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Science Year 2 > Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction is the fusion of the nuclei of male and female gametes forming a zygote which develops into a genetically unidentifiable offspring.

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2
Q

What are gametes

A

Gametes are sex cells produced by male [ sperm ] and female [ ovum ] reproductive organs.

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3
Q

What do gametes contain

A

Gametes contain half the DNA of each individual, produced and stored in nucleus

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4
Q

What is a zygote

A

it is a fertilised ovum containing complete genetic material. It is genetically unidentifiable offspring due to containing half DNA of each parent

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5
Q

How is zygote formed

A

During fertilisation the sperm nucleus carrying half the fathers DNA fuses with the ovum nuclei carrying half mothers DNA. Now offspring has gained complete genetic material.

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6
Q

What is heredity

A

Passing down traits to the next generation via sexual reproduction

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7
Q

What are chromosomes

A

DNA in the nucleus of an animal or plant cell which is organised into bundles

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8
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

23

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have

A

23 each gamete

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10
Q

How do children inherit traits

A

23 chromosomes from male gamete and 23 chromosomes from female gamete fuse to form a zygote with 46 chromosomes

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11
Q

From who does the offspring inherit and what

A

The offspring inherits traits randomly from mother or father.

Can inherit hair and eye colour, height, ears, nose

All siblings may not inherit same traits as it is chosen randomly

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12
Q

How do identical twins form

A

One fertilised egg splitting into two creating 2 siblings with identical DNA

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13
Q

What is puberty

A
  • onset of sexual maturity in human body. Body is now capable of human reproduction
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14
Q

What are the changes during puberty for both genders

A

Height and weight increase
Armpit hair and pubic hair
Production and maturation of gametes

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15
Q

What are the puberty signs in males

A
  1. Deepening voice
  2. Muscle strength increases
  3. Sperm production
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16
Q

What are the puberty signs in females

A
  • breasts develop
  • hips become broader and rounder
  • maturation of ova [plural ovum]
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17
Q

Name all the parts in the male reproductive system

A
  1. Testis
  2. Scrotum
  3. Penis
  4. Urethra
  5. Sperm duct
    5.epididymis
  6. Seminal valve Cowper’s Gland Prostate Gland [ SCP ]
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18
Q

What does testis do?

A

Produces sperm and a hormone called testosterone

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19
Q

What is the function of the epididymis

A

It matures and stores the sperm

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20
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct

A

It carries sperm from epididymis to urethra for ejculation

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21
Q

What does the seminal Valve Cowper’s Gland and prostate gland do?

A

Produces seminal fluid which sperms feeds on and swims in. Sperm + seminal fluid = semen

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22
Q

What does urethra do

A

Allows passage of sperm or urine

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23
Q

What does the penis do

A

It deposits sperm inside female body

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24
Q

what is the scrotum made for

A

Keeps testes at low temperature of 35C which is optimum temperature for Meiosis to occur.

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25
Q

What is meiosis

A

Meiosis is a process of cell division which helps manage the number of chromosomes in a zygote

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26
Q

Name the characteristics of male gametes

A
  1. Known as sperm
  2. 100 million sperms are released each time a man ejaculates
  3. Much smaller than ova in size
  4. Mobile: swims its own
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27
Q

What is the function of the ovary

A

Produces ova and sex hormones. Releases 1 ovum during fertilisation. Releases ovum

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28
Q

What is the function of the oviduct

A

It receives ovum from ovary and transports it to the uterus. fertilisation occurs here. Fertilised ovum is then transported to the womb for implantation

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29
Q

What is the function of the uterus

A

Set of development of foetus. Wall is lined with uterine lining to which embryo implants itself and develops into foetus. Uterine lining is rich is capillaries which allows supply of nutrients to embryo.

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30
Q

What is the vagina’s purpose

A

Sperm is deposited here

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of a female gamete

A
  1. 500 ova are releases during entire lifetime usually
  2. One ovary releases only one ovum
  3. Larger in size than a sperm
  4. Immobile
  5. Contains food reserves to nourish embryo after fertilisation
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32
Q

Explain the process of fertilisation

A
  1. Penis deposits semen containing sperm cells into vagina which swims up through cervix to the uterus to oviduct where fertilisation takes place
  2. Even though many sperm meet the ovum only one gets its nucleus fused with the ovum
  3. Nucleus of sperm and ovum fuse creating a zygote completing fertilisation. Other sperm cells die
  4. Fertilised egg is then transported to uterus where it is implanted on the uterine lining
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33
Q

Why is my menstrual cycle different from others

A

Because everyone’s bodies are different and react differently to the environments they are in

34
Q

what usually happens during days 1 to 5 of the menstrual cycle

A

Menstruation occurs and uterine lining is shed out of vagina with blood

35
Q

What happens during day 6 to 13

A

Uterine lining slowly repairs and prepares for implantation of embryo

36
Q

What happens during days 11 to 16

A

Fertile period. Ovulation occurs during this period and has the highest chances of getting pregnant. It lasts 1 to 2 days after ovulation and 2 days before ovulation

37
Q

What happens on day 14

A

Ovum released today and waits for fertilisation. If its not fertilised in 24hours it will die

38
Q

Why do we need day 14

A

Egg needs to be released via ovulation to increase chances of fertilisation and prepare uterus to nurture the embryo

39
Q

What happens during Day 15 to 28

A

Uterine lining thickness is maintained and prepared for possible implantation of the embryo. If not implanted menstruation begins

40
Q

Why are pregnancy moms discouraged to do?

A
  1. Drugs
  2. Alcohol
  3. Smoke
41
Q

Why shouldn’t pregnant moms drink smoke or do drugs? What’s the effects?

A

Substances ill be transported to the foetus through umbilical cord by the bloodstreams carrying the harmful substances the mothers consumed

42
Q

What can alcohol cause during pregnancy?

A
  1. Low birth weight
  2. Preterm delivery
  3. Birth defect
  4. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
  5. Developmental delays
  6. Cognitive long term disabilities
43
Q

What can smoking do to a pregnant mother?

A
  1. Lung injuries and lower oxygen levels circulating around body
  2. dizziness
  3. Breathing problems
  4. Impaired judgement
  5. Increased risk of falling
44
Q

What can smoking do to the baby?

A

Low weight at birth
Still birth
Disruption of brain development before the birth
Harm from second hand marijuana smoke

45
Q

What is temporary contraception

A

Methods used by people who wanna get pregnant but not at the moment. Temporarily blocks processes leading to pregnancy

46
Q

What is permanent contraception

A

When people don’t want to have anymore kids and they’re used to block the transport of gametes within ones one reproductive system

47
Q

What is contraception

A

Methods used to disrupt processes leading to pregnancy

48
Q

What is a condom and its function

A

Bag of latex worn on penis during sex which catches semen in the bag, not allowing deposition of semen in vagina

Prevents STI

49
Q

Is condom effective?

A

not 100% as rips or breaks can occur

50
Q

What is spermicide

A

A gel that kills sperm

51
Q

What is spermicide used with usually

A

Condom or diaphragms

52
Q

What are intra uterine devices

A

Devices made out of copper which block the implantation of an embryo in the womb

53
Q

Can fertilisation occur with an IUD

A

Yes but implantation is disrupted causing embryo to die eventually

54
Q

Can IUD last forever

A

No IUD lasts for max 1 to 2 years and is places in the woman’s uterus by a doctor

55
Q

What is diaphragm

A

It is a barrier blocking sperm from entering cervix

56
Q

Is diaphragm 100% effective

A

No if improperly placed sperm may swim up the cervix and fertilisation may occur

57
Q

What are contraceptive pills

A

Oral medication taken for month which disrupts hormonal control of menstrual cycle and prevent ovulation

58
Q

What happens if i skip my contraceptive pills even one day?

A

Ovulation will occur.

59
Q

What is a vasectomy

A

When the sperm ducts connecting testis and ughra are cut to prevent sperm passage to urethra

60
Q

Why do we need to cut and tie in vasectomies?

A

Extra safety precaution to ensure that there is no absolute passage for sperm to reach urethra

61
Q

Is seminal fluid crated during vasectomy?

A

Yes as seminal valve Cowper’s gland and prostrate gland still have passage to urethra so seminal fluid can still be produced

62
Q

What is tubal ligation

A

Cutting and tying up the oviducts in a female. Prevents ovum from being fertilised by sperm

63
Q

What is HIV / AIDS symptom

A

Fever
Flu like symptoms
Muscle ache
Mouth ulcers

64
Q

Is there a cure for HIV or AIDS

A

No but there are medicines to delay the effects of AIDS prolonging patients life

65
Q

What is chlamydia

A

unusual vagina bleeding or discharge painful pee discomfort in pelvis

66
Q

Genital herpes

A

Painful listers around genitals

67
Q

Can you cure chlamydia

A

Yes with antibiotics

68
Q

Can u cure gentian herpes

A

No as its a viral infection

69
Q

What infections do antibiotics work on?

A

Bacterial only

70
Q

What cure viral infections?

A

Vaccines or permanent specific cures which specialise in curing that one disease

71
Q

What is gonorrhoea

A

unusual vagina bleeding or discharge painful pee discomfort in pelvis And sore throat

72
Q

Gonorrhoea got cure or not?

A

Have because its a bacterial infection

73
Q

What is HPV?

A

Genital warts, flat warts and plantar warts with cancer

74
Q

HPV has a cure or not?

A

No cure as it is a viral infection and is related it’s cancer

75
Q

What is syphilis

A

Sores around genital area at first
Then later got rashes and mild fever

76
Q

Is syphilis cureable

A

Yes because it is a bacterial infections os it can be treated by antibiotics

77
Q

Full for of HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

78
Q

One quality about viruses that make it hard to cure

A

It multiplies much much faster than bacteria and can adapt to survive easily

79
Q

How does HIV spread

A

Bodily fluids like semen blood or vaginaal fluid

80
Q

What is AIDS

A

Worse form of HIV at the later stages. HIV lead to AIDS which causes death

81
Q

How to prevent STI?

A
  1. Abstain from sex
  2. Be aware about STI and take precautions
  3. Fewer sexual partners
  4. Don’t share needles
  5. Frequent medical check ups

Science Year 2 (5 decks)

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