Sexual Reproduction Flashcards
What is sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the fusion of the nuclei of male and female gametes forming a zygote which develops into a genetically unidentifiable offspring.
What are gametes
Gametes are sex cells produced by male [ sperm ] and female [ ovum ] reproductive organs.
What do gametes contain
Gametes contain half the DNA of each individual, produced and stored in nucleus
What is a zygote
it is a fertilised ovum containing complete genetic material. It is genetically unidentifiable offspring due to containing half DNA of each parent
How is zygote formed
During fertilisation the sperm nucleus carrying half the fathers DNA fuses with the ovum nuclei carrying half mothers DNA. Now offspring has gained complete genetic material.
What is heredity
Passing down traits to the next generation via sexual reproduction
What are chromosomes
DNA in the nucleus of an animal or plant cell which is organised into bundles
How many chromosomes do humans have
23
How many chromosomes do gametes have
23 each gamete
How do children inherit traits
23 chromosomes from male gamete and 23 chromosomes from female gamete fuse to form a zygote with 46 chromosomes
From who does the offspring inherit and what
The offspring inherits traits randomly from mother or father.
Can inherit hair and eye colour, height, ears, nose
All siblings may not inherit same traits as it is chosen randomly
How do identical twins form
One fertilised egg splitting into two creating 2 siblings with identical DNA
What is puberty
- onset of sexual maturity in human body. Body is now capable of human reproduction
What are the changes during puberty for both genders
Height and weight increase
Armpit hair and pubic hair
Production and maturation of gametes
What are the puberty signs in males
- Deepening voice
- Muscle strength increases
- Sperm production
What are the puberty signs in females
- breasts develop
- hips become broader and rounder
- maturation of ova [plural ovum]
Name all the parts in the male reproductive system
- Testis
- Scrotum
- Penis
- Urethra
- Sperm duct
5.epididymis - Seminal valve Cowper’s Gland Prostate Gland [ SCP ]
What does testis do?
Produces sperm and a hormone called testosterone
What is the function of the epididymis
It matures and stores the sperm
What is the function of the sperm duct
It carries sperm from epididymis to urethra for ejculation
What does the seminal Valve Cowper’s Gland and prostate gland do?
Produces seminal fluid which sperms feeds on and swims in. Sperm + seminal fluid = semen
What does urethra do
Allows passage of sperm or urine
What does the penis do
It deposits sperm inside female body
what is the scrotum made for
Keeps testes at low temperature of 35C which is optimum temperature for Meiosis to occur.
What is meiosis
Meiosis is a process of cell division which helps manage the number of chromosomes in a zygote
Name the characteristics of male gametes
- Known as sperm
- 100 million sperms are released each time a man ejaculates
- Much smaller than ova in size
- Mobile: swims its own
What is the function of the ovary
Produces ova and sex hormones. Releases 1 ovum during fertilisation. Releases ovum
What is the function of the oviduct
It receives ovum from ovary and transports it to the uterus. fertilisation occurs here. Fertilised ovum is then transported to the womb for implantation
What is the function of the uterus
Set of development of foetus. Wall is lined with uterine lining to which embryo implants itself and develops into foetus. Uterine lining is rich is capillaries which allows supply of nutrients to embryo.
What is the vagina’s purpose
Sperm is deposited here
What are the characteristics of a female gamete
- 500 ova are releases during entire lifetime usually
- One ovary releases only one ovum
- Larger in size than a sperm
- Immobile
- Contains food reserves to nourish embryo after fertilisation
Explain the process of fertilisation
- Penis deposits semen containing sperm cells into vagina which swims up through cervix to the uterus to oviduct where fertilisation takes place
- Even though many sperm meet the ovum only one gets its nucleus fused with the ovum
- Nucleus of sperm and ovum fuse creating a zygote completing fertilisation. Other sperm cells die
- Fertilised egg is then transported to uterus where it is implanted on the uterine lining
Why is my menstrual cycle different from others
Because everyone’s bodies are different and react differently to the environments they are in
what usually happens during days 1 to 5 of the menstrual cycle
Menstruation occurs and uterine lining is shed out of vagina with blood
What happens during day 6 to 13
Uterine lining slowly repairs and prepares for implantation of embryo
What happens during days 11 to 16
Fertile period. Ovulation occurs during this period and has the highest chances of getting pregnant. It lasts 1 to 2 days after ovulation and 2 days before ovulation
What happens on day 14
Ovum released today and waits for fertilisation. If its not fertilised in 24hours it will die
Why do we need day 14
Egg needs to be released via ovulation to increase chances of fertilisation and prepare uterus to nurture the embryo
What happens during Day 15 to 28
Uterine lining thickness is maintained and prepared for possible implantation of the embryo. If not implanted menstruation begins
Why are pregnancy moms discouraged to do?
- Drugs
- Alcohol
- Smoke
Why shouldn’t pregnant moms drink smoke or do drugs? What’s the effects?
Substances ill be transported to the foetus through umbilical cord by the bloodstreams carrying the harmful substances the mothers consumed
What can alcohol cause during pregnancy?
- Low birth weight
- Preterm delivery
- Birth defect
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
- Developmental delays
- Cognitive long term disabilities
What can smoking do to a pregnant mother?
- Lung injuries and lower oxygen levels circulating around body
- dizziness
- Breathing problems
- Impaired judgement
- Increased risk of falling
What can smoking do to the baby?
Low weight at birth
Still birth
Disruption of brain development before the birth
Harm from second hand marijuana smoke
What is temporary contraception
Methods used by people who wanna get pregnant but not at the moment. Temporarily blocks processes leading to pregnancy
What is permanent contraception
When people don’t want to have anymore kids and they’re used to block the transport of gametes within ones one reproductive system
What is contraception
Methods used to disrupt processes leading to pregnancy
What is a condom and its function
Bag of latex worn on penis during sex which catches semen in the bag, not allowing deposition of semen in vagina
Prevents STI
Is condom effective?
not 100% as rips or breaks can occur
What is spermicide
A gel that kills sperm
What is spermicide used with usually
Condom or diaphragms
What are intra uterine devices
Devices made out of copper which block the implantation of an embryo in the womb
Can fertilisation occur with an IUD
Yes but implantation is disrupted causing embryo to die eventually
Can IUD last forever
No IUD lasts for max 1 to 2 years and is places in the woman’s uterus by a doctor
What is diaphragm
It is a barrier blocking sperm from entering cervix
Is diaphragm 100% effective
No if improperly placed sperm may swim up the cervix and fertilisation may occur
What are contraceptive pills
Oral medication taken for month which disrupts hormonal control of menstrual cycle and prevent ovulation
What happens if i skip my contraceptive pills even one day?
Ovulation will occur.
What is a vasectomy
When the sperm ducts connecting testis and ughra are cut to prevent sperm passage to urethra
Why do we need to cut and tie in vasectomies?
Extra safety precaution to ensure that there is no absolute passage for sperm to reach urethra
Is seminal fluid crated during vasectomy?
Yes as seminal valve Cowper’s gland and prostrate gland still have passage to urethra so seminal fluid can still be produced
What is tubal ligation
Cutting and tying up the oviducts in a female. Prevents ovum from being fertilised by sperm
What is HIV / AIDS symptom
Fever
Flu like symptoms
Muscle ache
Mouth ulcers
Is there a cure for HIV or AIDS
No but there are medicines to delay the effects of AIDS prolonging patients life
What is chlamydia
unusual vagina bleeding or discharge painful pee discomfort in pelvis
Genital herpes
Painful listers around genitals
Can you cure chlamydia
Yes with antibiotics
Can u cure gentian herpes
No as its a viral infection
What infections do antibiotics work on?
Bacterial only
What cure viral infections?
Vaccines or permanent specific cures which specialise in curing that one disease
What is gonorrhoea
unusual vagina bleeding or discharge painful pee discomfort in pelvis And sore throat
Gonorrhoea got cure or not?
Have because its a bacterial infection
What is HPV?
Genital warts, flat warts and plantar warts with cancer
HPV has a cure or not?
No cure as it is a viral infection and is related it’s cancer
What is syphilis
Sores around genital area at first
Then later got rashes and mild fever
Is syphilis cureable
Yes because it is a bacterial infections os it can be treated by antibiotics
Full for of HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
One quality about viruses that make it hard to cure
It multiplies much much faster than bacteria and can adapt to survive easily
How does HIV spread
Bodily fluids like semen blood or vaginaal fluid
What is AIDS
Worse form of HIV at the later stages. HIV lead to AIDS which causes death
How to prevent STI?
- Abstain from sex
- Be aware about STI and take precautions
- Fewer sexual partners
- Don’t share needles
- Frequent medical check ups
