Digestive system Flashcards
Why do we need a digestive system
It is needed in order for food we eat to be broken down and digested effectively and nutrients from the food to be absorbed by the bloodstream to be transported to rest of the body parts for cellular respiration and energy generation for daily activities to take place
Why do we need proper nutrition
To attain proper nutrition we need to consume an appropriate amount of macronutrients - carbohydrates proteins and fats
What are carbohydrates
carbohydrates is an essential macronutrient belonging from a family of biological a compounds consisting of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
What are the three types of carbohydrate molecules
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharide these terms are for carbohydrates ONLY
Which carbohydrate molecule is the simplest and most complex?
The simplest nutrient molecule is a monosaccharide and the most complex nutrient molecule consisting of many molecule bonded together is a polysaccharide
What is a monosaccharide
Monosaccharides, also called simple sugars, are the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units from which all carbohydrates are built.
What an monosaccharides form
When chemically combed in pairs monosaccharides form disaccharides
Many monosaccharide units can be chemically combined in long chains forming polysaccharides
What an monosaccharides form
When chemically combed in pairs monosaccharides form disaccharides
Many monosaccharide units can be chemically combined in long chains forming polysaccharides
What an monosaccharides form
When chemically combed in pairs monosaccharides form disaccharides
Many monosaccharide units can be chemically combined in long chains forming polysaccharides
What an monosaccharides form
When chemically combed in pairs monosaccharides form disaccharides
Many monosaccharide units can be chemically combined in long chains forming polysaccharides
Give me examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
monosaccharides:
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Polysaccharides
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
What are Proteins
proteins is an essential macronutrient for our body belonging from the biological family of compounds carbon hydrogen nitrogen and oxygen
How are proteins formed
Molecules own as amino acid chemically combine together in a chain to form polypeptides.
Polypeptides then fold into a 3D shape to form a functional protein
How are proteins formed
Molecules own as amino acid chemically combine together in a chain to form polypeptides.
Polypeptides then fold into a 3D shape to form a functional protein
What are fats
fats is an essential macronutrient for our body belongs to a biological family of compounds carbon hydrogen and oxygen but in different ratios compared to carbohydrates
How are fats formed
Some types of fats are formed when 1 glycerol to 3 fatty acids units chemically combine.
Do i need nutrients and minerals and how much do i need?
various classes of food is needed in appropriate amounts to reduce energy/raw materials for metabolic purposes
However they should be consumed in small quantities to maintain a healthy body and they don’t have energy values in them
Name all vitamins and minerals our body needs
Iron
Calcium
Fibre
Vitamin D/C
Tell me about fibre
Fibre stimulates peristalsis and prevents constipation
Tell me about calcium
helps our teeth and bone grow stronger
Tell me about Vitamin D/C
D: aids in calcium absorption
C: helps our skin and gums to be healthy
Tell me about Iron
Helps synthesise haemoglobin of red blood cells
What is digestion
Digestion is the process of complex nutrient molecules being broken down into small soluble and diffusible nutrient molecules to be easily absorbed into bloodstream
What is digestion
Digestion is the process of complex nutrient molecules being broken down into small soluble and diffusible nutrient molecules to be easily absorbed into bloodstream
Can all molecules pass through the intestinal wall?
no molecules hae to be small soluble and diffusible enough to pass the cell surface membrane of cells making up the intestinal wall and blood capillaries at the intestine
Give me an example of simple sugars
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Amino Acids
- Peptidase
- Glycerol*
7.Fatty acids*
Don’t need to know wont be tested
Give me an example of complex sugars
- starch
- glycogen
- Cellulose
What are the two types of digestion that occurs?
physical and chemical digestion
What is Physical Digestion
it is the process of breaking down large food pieces into smaller pieces of food via acts of chewing and peristalsis
WHEN does physical digestion take place?
Physical digestion takes place in the mouth when large pieces of food is broken down into smaller pieces of food by chewing where the teeth cuts the food into smaller pieces
Physical digestion also takes place in the stomach during peristalsis where food is churned and mixed together with gastric juices in the stomach
Why do we need physical digestion?
In order for greater surface area to volume ratio of food pieces to enzymes for faster and more efficient digestion by enzymes
What is chemical digestion
It is the idea of breaking down complex nutrient molecules into simple soluble and diffusible molecules via enzymes for easier absorption by bloodstream
What are enzymes
The are biological catalysts made from protein. They speed up chemical reactions without chemically changing at the end of the reaction
Why do we need enzymes
To speed up digestions as it is a very slow process
How do enzymes work?
They are specific to the reactants they work on hence each nutrient relies on a specific enzyme to quicken up digestions for it
How do enzymes work?
They are specific to the reactants they work on hence each nutrient relies on a specific enzyme to quicken up digestions for it
Where to find enzymes
Living things
Raw food
Industrial objects
Medicines/supplements
What is human alimentary canal
Path taken by food from point of ingestion to egestion
Where does digestion and absorption occur
Digestion: mouth oesophagus stomach and duodenum
Absorption of water : colon
Absorption of nutrients: ileum [ via bloodstream ]
Digestion in mouth explain
Chemical: carbohydrate enzymes in mouth break down polysaccharides like starch into disaccharides like maltose. So carbohydrate is partially digested. **
Physical: large pieces of food cut into smaller pieces via teeth cutting the food.
Why we chew?
To increase surface area to volume ratio of food to enzymes for faster digestion rate
What does oesophagus do?
Pushes food from mouth to stomach via peristalsis and contraction and relaxation of muscles
Digestion in oesophagus
Chemical: carbohydrate enzymes in food from mouth continues to churn due to peristalsis In oesophagus causing digestion to occur.
Physical digestion: food is churned via peristalsis into smaller pieces
Digestion in stomach
Physical: Food is churned further via peristalsis in stomach and broken down into smaller pieces
Chemical: protein molecules in food is partially digested by protease enzymes into polypeptides
Segments of small intestine
Duodenum jejunum ileum
Physical change in duodenum
Emulsification occurs where bile, a liver produced detergent stored in gall bladder and secreted into duodenum breaks down large globules of fat into smaller globules of fat
What’s Bile?
liver produced detergent stored in gall bladder and secreted into duodenum
Why emulsification?
Increase surface area to volume ratio of lipids to enzymes resulting in faster more efficient digestion by enzymes
Intestinal juice round up
Intestinal juice by duodenum glands
Pancreatic Juice by pancreas secreted into duodenum
Chemical digestion in duodenum carbohydrase
Present in intestinal juice, pancreatic juice that digests starch to maltose to glucose or the maltose from mouth to glucose.
Chemical digestion lipase
Digests lipids into 1 glycerol to 3 fatty acid units
Chemical digestion protease and peptidase enzymes
Protease: proteins to polypeptides
Peptidase: polypeptides to amino acids
What happens in duodenum
Complex nutrient molecules are digested into simple soluble and diffusible molecules for easier absorption by bloodstream
What happens immediately after digestion
All food whether digested or not heads to the ileum whee absorbable substances are absorbed into bloodstream to go to liver and then rest of the body
Unabsorbable substances continue the path down human alimentary canal
Examples of absorbable substances : GAGMW
Glucose
Amino acids
Glycerol and fatty acids
Minerals and vitamins
Water
What happens to unabsorbable substances
Goes to colon where water is absorbed and its forms into faeces
Faeces is stored in rectum until egestion need
Why do we need to control nutrient intake
Too much or too little intake of energy can cause negative health impacts
Functions of carbohydrates
- Synthesises nectar in some flowers
- Forms supporting structure like cellulose forming pant cell wall
- Used for respiration in cells to produce energy
Functions of proteins
- Synthesises antibody hormones and enzymes
- Synthesis of protoplasm for repair or growth of worn out cells
Function of protein
Synthesises some hormone enzymes and antibodies to fight diseases
Synthesises protoplasm for repair/growth of worn out body cells
What is good bacteria
- Probiotics
- Not all are armful as some help in digestive processes
- Yoghurt cheese tempen aid out digestive system due to probiotics in them
