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Science Year 2 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need a digestive system

A

It is needed in order for food we eat to be broken down and digested effectively and nutrients from the food to be absorbed by the bloodstream to be transported to rest of the body parts for cellular respiration and energy generation for daily activities to take place

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2
Q

Why do we need proper nutrition

A

To attain proper nutrition we need to consume an appropriate amount of macronutrients - carbohydrates proteins and fats

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3
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

carbohydrates is an essential macronutrient belonging from a family of biological a compounds consisting of carbon hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrate molecules

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharide these terms are for carbohydrates ONLY

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5
Q

Which carbohydrate molecule is the simplest and most complex?

A

The simplest nutrient molecule is a monosaccharide and the most complex nutrient molecule consisting of many molecule bonded together is a polysaccharide

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6
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

Monosaccharides, also called simple sugars, are the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units from which all carbohydrates are built.

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7
Q

What an monosaccharides form

A

When chemically combed in pairs monosaccharides form disaccharides

Many monosaccharide units can be chemically combined in long chains forming polysaccharides

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8
Q

What an monosaccharides form

A

When chemically combed in pairs monosaccharides form disaccharides

Many monosaccharide units can be chemically combined in long chains forming polysaccharides

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9
Q

What an monosaccharides form

A

When chemically combed in pairs monosaccharides form disaccharides

Many monosaccharide units can be chemically combined in long chains forming polysaccharides

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10
Q

What an monosaccharides form

A

When chemically combed in pairs monosaccharides form disaccharides

Many monosaccharide units can be chemically combined in long chains forming polysaccharides

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11
Q

Give me examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

A

monosaccharides:
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

Polysaccharides
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

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12
Q

What are Proteins

A

proteins is an essential macronutrient for our body belonging from the biological family of compounds carbon hydrogen nitrogen and oxygen

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13
Q

How are proteins formed

A

Molecules own as amino acid chemically combine together in a chain to form polypeptides.

Polypeptides then fold into a 3D shape to form a functional protein

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14
Q

How are proteins formed

A

Molecules own as amino acid chemically combine together in a chain to form polypeptides.

Polypeptides then fold into a 3D shape to form a functional protein

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15
Q

What are fats

A

fats is an essential macronutrient for our body belongs to a biological family of compounds carbon hydrogen and oxygen but in different ratios compared to carbohydrates

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16
Q

How are fats formed

A

Some types of fats are formed when 1 glycerol to 3 fatty acids units chemically combine.

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17
Q

Do i need nutrients and minerals and how much do i need?

A

various classes of food is needed in appropriate amounts to reduce energy/raw materials for metabolic purposes

However they should be consumed in small quantities to maintain a healthy body and they don’t have energy values in them

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18
Q

Name all vitamins and minerals our body needs

A

Iron
Calcium
Fibre
Vitamin D/C

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19
Q

Tell me about fibre

A

Fibre stimulates peristalsis and prevents constipation

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20
Q

Tell me about calcium

A

helps our teeth and bone grow stronger

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21
Q

Tell me about Vitamin D/C

A

D: aids in calcium absorption

C: helps our skin and gums to be healthy

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22
Q

Tell me about Iron

A

Helps synthesise haemoglobin of red blood cells

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23
Q

What is digestion

A

Digestion is the process of complex nutrient molecules being broken down into small soluble and diffusible nutrient molecules to be easily absorbed into bloodstream

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24
Q

What is digestion

A

Digestion is the process of complex nutrient molecules being broken down into small soluble and diffusible nutrient molecules to be easily absorbed into bloodstream

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25
Q

Can all molecules pass through the intestinal wall?

A

no molecules hae to be small soluble and diffusible enough to pass the cell surface membrane of cells making up the intestinal wall and blood capillaries at the intestine

26
Q

Give me an example of simple sugars

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
  4. Amino Acids
  5. Peptidase
  6. Glycerol*
    7.Fatty acids*

Don’t need to know wont be tested

27
Q

Give me an example of complex sugars

A
  1. starch
  2. glycogen
  3. Cellulose
28
Q

What are the two types of digestion that occurs?

A

physical and chemical digestion

29
Q

What is Physical Digestion

A

it is the process of breaking down large food pieces into smaller pieces of food via acts of chewing and peristalsis

30
Q

WHEN does physical digestion take place?

A

Physical digestion takes place in the mouth when large pieces of food is broken down into smaller pieces of food by chewing where the teeth cuts the food into smaller pieces

Physical digestion also takes place in the stomach during peristalsis where food is churned and mixed together with gastric juices in the stomach

31
Q

Why do we need physical digestion?

A

In order for greater surface area to volume ratio of food pieces to enzymes for faster and more efficient digestion by enzymes

32
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

It is the idea of breaking down complex nutrient molecules into simple soluble and diffusible molecules via enzymes for easier absorption by bloodstream

33
Q

What are enzymes

A

The are biological catalysts made from protein. They speed up chemical reactions without chemically changing at the end of the reaction

34
Q

Why do we need enzymes

A

To speed up digestions as it is a very slow process

35
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They are specific to the reactants they work on hence each nutrient relies on a specific enzyme to quicken up digestions for it

36
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They are specific to the reactants they work on hence each nutrient relies on a specific enzyme to quicken up digestions for it

37
Q

Where to find enzymes

A

Living things
Raw food
Industrial objects
Medicines/supplements

38
Q

What is human alimentary canal

A

Path taken by food from point of ingestion to egestion

39
Q

Where does digestion and absorption occur

A

Digestion: mouth oesophagus stomach and duodenum
Absorption of water : colon
Absorption of nutrients: ileum [ via bloodstream ]

40
Q

Digestion in mouth explain

A

Chemical: carbohydrate enzymes in mouth break down polysaccharides like starch into disaccharides like maltose. So carbohydrate is partially digested. **

Physical: large pieces of food cut into smaller pieces via teeth cutting the food.

41
Q

Why we chew?

A

To increase surface area to volume ratio of food to enzymes for faster digestion rate

42
Q

What does oesophagus do?

A

Pushes food from mouth to stomach via peristalsis and contraction and relaxation of muscles

43
Q

Digestion in oesophagus

A

Chemical: carbohydrate enzymes in food from mouth continues to churn due to peristalsis In oesophagus causing digestion to occur.

Physical digestion: food is churned via peristalsis into smaller pieces

44
Q

Digestion in stomach

A

Physical: Food is churned further via peristalsis in stomach and broken down into smaller pieces

Chemical: protein molecules in food is partially digested by protease enzymes into polypeptides

45
Q

Segments of small intestine

A

Duodenum jejunum ileum

46
Q

Physical change in duodenum

A

Emulsification occurs where bile, a liver produced detergent stored in gall bladder and secreted into duodenum breaks down large globules of fat into smaller globules of fat

47
Q

What’s Bile?

A

liver produced detergent stored in gall bladder and secreted into duodenum

48
Q

Why emulsification?

A

Increase surface area to volume ratio of lipids to enzymes resulting in faster more efficient digestion by enzymes

49
Q

Intestinal juice round up

A

Intestinal juice by duodenum glands

Pancreatic Juice by pancreas secreted into duodenum

50
Q

Chemical digestion in duodenum carbohydrase

A

Present in intestinal juice, pancreatic juice that digests starch to maltose to glucose or the maltose from mouth to glucose.

51
Q

Chemical digestion lipase

A

Digests lipids into 1 glycerol to 3 fatty acid units

52
Q

Chemical digestion protease and peptidase enzymes

A

Protease: proteins to polypeptides

Peptidase: polypeptides to amino acids

53
Q

What happens in duodenum

A

Complex nutrient molecules are digested into simple soluble and diffusible molecules for easier absorption by bloodstream

54
Q

What happens immediately after digestion

A

All food whether digested or not heads to the ileum whee absorbable substances are absorbed into bloodstream to go to liver and then rest of the body

Unabsorbable substances continue the path down human alimentary canal

55
Q

Examples of absorbable substances : GAGMW

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Glycerol and fatty acids
Minerals and vitamins
Water

56
Q

What happens to unabsorbable substances

A

Goes to colon where water is absorbed and its forms into faeces

Faeces is stored in rectum until egestion need

57
Q

Why do we need to control nutrient intake

A

Too much or too little intake of energy can cause negative health impacts

58
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. Synthesises nectar in some flowers
  2. Forms supporting structure like cellulose forming pant cell wall
  3. Used for respiration in cells to produce energy
59
Q

Functions of proteins

A
  1. Synthesises antibody hormones and enzymes
  2. Synthesis of protoplasm for repair or growth of worn out cells
60
Q

Function of protein

A

Synthesises some hormone enzymes and antibodies to fight diseases
Synthesises protoplasm for repair/growth of worn out body cells

61
Q

What is good bacteria

A
  1. Probiotics
  2. Not all are armful as some help in digestive processes
  3. Yoghurt cheese tempen aid out digestive system due to probiotics in them

Science Year 2 (5 decks)

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