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Physiology Cell And Cell Components > Transport System > Flashcards

Transport System Flashcards

1
Q

There are 2 basic mechanisms of transport

A

Passive transport system
Active transport system

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2
Q

What is passive transport system

A

Is the movement of substances along concentration gradient or electrical gradient or both (electrochemical gradient)
It is referred to as diffusion or downhill transport and doesn’t need energy

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3
Q

Passive transport is the movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration T or F

A

True

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4
Q

Diffusion can be divided into 3

A

-simple diffusion through lipid layer
- simple diffusion through protein layer
- facilitated or carrier mediated diffusion

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5
Q

Simple diffusion through lipid layer

A

Lipid layer of cell membrane allows only lipid soluble substances to pass through it, therefore, diffusion in lipid layer is directly proportional to the solubility of substances in lipids

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6
Q

Simple diffusion through protein layer

A

Protein layer is permeable to water soluble substances, mainly electrolytes diffuse through protein layer

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7
Q

Explain protein channels or ion channels

A

In the central lipid layer there are some pores, then integral proteins layer come and invaginate these pores from either surface of cell membrane, this pores on central lipid layer and lined with integral protein milecules, these pores are hypothetical pores and form channel for diffusion of water, electrolytes and other substances that can’t pass through lipid layer

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8
Q

Characteristics feature of protein channel is

A

Selective permeability

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9
Q

Protein channels are named according to the ions that diffuse through it e.g

A

Sodium channels, potassium channels

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10
Q

Continously opened protein channel are called

A

Ungated channels

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11
Q

Closed protein channels that only open when necessary are called

A

Gated channel

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12
Q

Gated channel is divided into 3

A

Voltage gated channel
Ligand gated channel
Mechanical gated channel

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13
Q

Gated channel is divided into 3

A

Voltage gated channel
Ligand gated channel
Mechanical gated channel

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14
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

Channels that open whenever there is change in electrical potential

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15
Q

An example of voltage gated channel is excitation contraction coupling, explain

A

The action potential spreads through transverse tubules of sacrotubular system where action potential reaches cristernae, large number of calcium ions diffuse from cisternae into sacroplasm

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16
Q

An example of ligand gated channels is the transmission of impusle through neuromuscular junctions

A

Acethylcholine is released from vesicle and passes through pre synaptic membrane to the synaptic cleft causing opening of sodium channels in the post synaptic membrane and sodium ions diffuse into neuromuscular structures from ECF

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17
Q

What are mechanically gated channels

A

They are channels that open due ti mechanical factors

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18
Q

An example of mechanically gated channel is that in

A

in pecinian corpuscles, haircells of organs of corti and vestibular apparatus

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19
Q

Explain hair cells of organ of corti as a mechanically gated channel

A

Sound waves causes movement of cilia in hair cells which causes opening of potassium channels leading to development of receptor potassium

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20
Q

Facilitated diffusion is faster than simple diffusion T or F

A

T

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21
Q

Glucose and amino acids are transported through facilitated diffusion, why

A

Because the diameter of the molecules are larger than hat of the channels so they can’t transport through the channels without help

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22
Q

In facilitated diffusion, some changes occur in carrier protein which results to

A

The molecule reaching the other side of cell membrane

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23
Q

What are the special types of passive transport

A

Bulk flow
Filtration
Osmosis

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24
Q

What is bulk flow

A

It is the movement of large molecules of substances from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure

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25
Q

Examples of bulk flow and explain

A

Exchanged of gases within respiratory membrane of lungs
1.Partial pressure of oxygen is greater in alveolar air than in alveolar blood capillary so oxygen moves from air yo capillary
2.partial pressure in Co2 is more in blood than alveoli so Co2 moves from blood to alveoli

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26
Q

What is Filtration

A

It is the movement of water and solute from a region of high hydrostatic pressure to a region of low hydrostatic pressure

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27
Q

Where is Filtration process seen

A

At the arterial end of capillaries where movement of fluid occurs along with dissolved substances from interstitial fluid
At the glomeruli of kidney

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28
Q

What is osmosis

A

It is the movement of water or any other solute from a region of low conc of solute to higher concentration of solute

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29
Q

In osmosis, semi permeable membrane of water allows passage of water and other solvents but not solute T or F

A

T

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30
Q

Osmosis depends on

A

Osmotic pressure

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31
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

R3ssure created by solutes in a fluid

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32
Q

During osmosis, the solute in area of higher concentration get dissolved in solvent creating a pressure called______________ which prevents

A

Osmotic pressure, further movement of solvent

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33
Q

What is reverse osmotic pressure

A

It is the process by which water or other solutes flow in reverse direction (from higher concentration to lower conc) if external pressure is applied on the High concentration

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34
Q

Oncotic pressure is also called

A

Colloidal osmotic pressure

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35
Q

What is oncotic pressure and what is normal oncotic pressure

A

Oncotic pressure is part of osmotic pressure created by larger colloidal substances esp proteins
25mmHg

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36
Q

Albumin creates _________ percent of osmotic pressure

A

70

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37
Q

Osmosis can be prevented by

A

Applying pressure to mole conc

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38
Q

Types of osmosis

A

Endosmosis- movement of water into cell
Exosmosis- movement of water out of cell

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39
Q

What is active transport

A

Is the movement of substances against chemical electrical or electrochemical gradient

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40
Q

Active transport is also called

A

Uphill transport

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41
Q

Active transport requires energy that is derived by

A

Breaking down high energy compounds such as ATP

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42
Q

Differences between passive and active transport

A

The definition
-Passive transport is also called downhill moment while active is called uphill movement
-passive doesn’t require energy while active does
- substances transported by passive include oxygen, co2, water, and electrolytes while active is ionic substances such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen, chlorine and non ionic substances such as - glucose, amino acids, urea

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43
Q

Difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion

A

-carrier proteins pf active transport require energy while that of facilitated diffusion doesn’t
- substances are transported against conc gradient in active while not in facilitated diffusion

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44
Q

Carrier proteins of active transport are

A

Uniport
Symport or antiport

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45
Q

What is a uniport

A

It is a carrier protein that carriers only one substance in a single direction

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46
Q

Uniport is also called

A

Uniport pump

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47
Q

Carrier protein that transports two or more substances in the same direction is caller

A

Symport pump

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48
Q

What is symport pump

A

It is a carrier protein that transports two or more substances in the dame direction

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49
Q

What is symport pump

A

It is a carrier protein that transports two or more substances in the dame direction

50
Q

The carrier protein that transports two different substances in opposite directions is called

A

Antiport

51
Q

Antiport exchange one substance for another T or F

A

T

52
Q

Types of active transport

A

Primary and secondary

53
Q

What is primary active transport

A

It is a type of transport mechanism in which energy is liberated directly from atp
Substances like sodium, potassium, calcium and hydrogen can be transported

54
Q

Sodium potassium pump is also called

A

Na+-K+ ATPase pump or Na+-K+ ATPase

55
Q

Explain primary active transport of sodium and potassium

A

Sodium and potassium are transported in cell membrane using sodium potassium pump
Ot transports sodium from inside to outside cell and potassium from outside to inside cell

56
Q

The Na+-K+ pump is responsible for

A

Distribution of sodium and potassium ions across cell membrane and the development of resting membrane potential

57
Q

Alpha subunit of Na-K+ pump has 6 sites

A

-Three sites for sodium on the inner surface (towards cytoplasm) of the protein molecule
-Two sites for potassium on the outer surface( towards cytoplasm) of the protein molecule
-One site for the enzyme adenine triphosphatase(ATPase) near the site for sodium

58
Q

Mechanism of action of Na+-K+ pump

A
  • three sodium ions attach to the receptor sites on the inner surface of protein molecule and two potassium attach to the receptor sites on the outer surface of protein molecule
  • the binding of sodium and potassium To their receptor sites activates enzyme ATPase
  • ATPase ……… ATP to ADP with the release of high energy phosphate
  • then the release of this energy causes like a conformational change in the structure of carrier protein
  • the outer surface faces teh inside of the cell and the inner surface faces the outside of the cell
  • release takes place and sodium is released outside of cell and potassium inside of cell
59
Q

Hydrogen is actively transported across the cell by carrier protein called

A

Hydrogen pump

60
Q

Hydrogen pump obtains energy from __________ by activity of _______

A

ATP,ATPase

61
Q

Hydrogen pump are present in two important organs

A

Stomach- pumps the parietal cell of gastric glands
Kidney- pumps the epithelial cells of distal convulated tubule

62
Q

When sodium is transported by a carrier protein, another substance us transported by that protein either in the same or difffernt direction T or F

A

T

63
Q

Transport of sodium us coupled with transported of another substance T or F

A

T

64
Q

Two types of secondary active transport

A

Cotransport
Countertransport

65
Q

What is sodium cotransport

A

Sodium co transport is a process by which along with sodium, another substance ie being transported by carrier protein, symport

66
Q

Energy needed for movement of sodium in sodium co transport is gotten from ATP, while the energy released from movement of sodium is used for ________________

A

Movement of another substance

67
Q

Examples of substances transported by sodium co transport are

A

Glucose, amino acids, iodine, iron, chlorides, urate

68
Q

Carrier proteins of sodium co transport

A

It has 2 receptor sites
One for binding of sodium and the other for binding of another substance

69
Q

Sodium co transport of glucose occurs during

A

Absorption of glucose from small intestine and reabsorption of glucose from renal tubule

70
Q

Sodium co transport of amino acids

A

Carrier proteins of amino acids is different from that of glucose
For amino acids, there are 5 sets of Carrier protein, each one carriers different amino acids depending on the molecular weight of the acid

71
Q

Sodium co transport of amino acids also occurs in the

A

Absorption of amino acids from intestine and reabsorption from renal tubule

72
Q

What is the carrier protein for sodium cotransport and sodium countertransport

A

Symport, antiport

73
Q

What is sodium calcium counter transport

A

In this transport, sodium and calcium move in opposite directions with the help of a carrier protein

74
Q

Sodium hydrogen countertransport

A

In this hydrogen ions are exchanged for sodium ions
It occurs in the renal tubular cells

75
Q

In sodium hydrogen countertransport, sodium moves from _______________ to ________ while hydrogen moves from ________ to ________

A

Tubular lumen to tubular cells, tubular cells to tubular lumen

76
Q

Other countertransport systems are

A

Sodium magnesium
Sodium potassium
Calcium magnesium
Calcium potassium

77
Q

Special type of active transport- vesicular active transport are

A

Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transcytosis

78
Q

What is endocytosis

A

It is teh process by which macromolecules enter the cell

79
Q

There are three types of endocytosus

A

Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis

80
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

It is the process by which macromolecules like antigens and bacteria are taken into the cell

81
Q

Pinocytosis is also called

A

Cell drinking

82
Q

The mechanism of pinocytosis

A
  • macromolecules bind to the outer surface of cell membrane in form of droplets
  • the cell membrane evaginate these droplets
    -droplets are engulfed by cell membrane
    -droplets are transformed to vesicles or vacoules called endosom3s
    -tje primary lysosome is the cytoplasm attaches to endosome to form secondary lysosomes
  • hydrolytic enzym3s in secondary lysosomes activare digestion and degradation
83
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

T is the process by which particles larger than macromolecules are engulfed by the cell

84
Q

Phagocytosis is also called

A

Cell eating

85
Q

Larger bacteria, larger antigen, larger foreign body are all taken in by

A

Phagocytosis

86
Q

Mechanism of phagocytosis

A

-once bacteria or foreign body enters the body, the phagocytic cells produce a cytoplasmic extension called pseudopodium
- then the particles are engulfed and converted to endosome like vacoule- called phagosome
- the ohagosome move to the interior of the cell
- primary lusosome fuses with phagospme to form secondary lysosome
- the hydrolytic enzymes in secondary lysosome cause degradation and digestion of phagosomal Content

87
Q

What is Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

It is the transport of macromolecules with the help of receptor protein

88
Q

The surface of cell membrane have some pits with receptor proteins called ___________, together with the receptor protein, the pits are called _________ which are involved in receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Clathrin, receptor coated pit

89
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis is induced in substances like ______

A

Ligands

90
Q

Ligand molecules approach the cell and bind to lreceptor in the pit and forms____________

A

Ligand-receptor complex

91
Q

Mechanism of receptor mediated endocytosis

A

-it is induced ins substances like ligand
- ligand molecules move to the cell and attach to the receptor proteins in the pit to form a ligand protein complex
- ligand receptor complex get aggregated in the pit, the coated pit becomes detached from the cell membrane and becomes the coated vesicle, which forms the endosome
-the endosome moves to the interior of the cell and attaches to primary kysosome to form secondary lysosome
- hydrolytic enzymes in secondary lysosomes are activated and causes release of ligands into cytoplasm
- receptor may move to a new pit of the cell membrane

92
Q

Caveolin coated pits are concerned with

A

The transport of vitamins into the cell

93
Q

What is exocytosis

A

It is the process by which substances are extruded from the cell without passing through cell membrane

94
Q

Exocytosis is involved in the release of

A

Secretory products of the cell

95
Q

Mechanism of exocytosis

A

-It is used in the release of secretory products from the cell
- secretory products are stored in form of secretory vesicles in cytoplasm
- when needed, the secretory vesicle moves to the cell membrane and fuses with cell membrane
- later contents of vesicle are released outta cell

96
Q

Calcium plays an important role in the release of secretory substances such as

A

Neurotransmitters

97
Q

Role pf calcium in exocytosis

A

Calcium enters the cell and causes exocytosis, however the exact mechanism of exocytosis is unknown

98
Q

What is transcytosis

A

It is a transport mechanism in which extracellular macromolecules enter the cell through one side, pass across cytoplasm and exit through the other side

99
Q

Mechanism of transcytosis

A

-The cell encloses the extracellular substances ny invagination of cell membrane to form vesicle
- the vesicle moves across the cell and is thrown to opposite side of cell membrane by exocytosis
- transcytosis also requires a receptor coated pit, coated with caveolin instead of clathrin

100
Q

Transcytosis is also called

A

Vesicle trafficking / cytopempsis

101
Q

Transcytosis plays an important role in

A

The Selective transport of substances across two environments without any distinct change in the composition of environmemt

102
Q

An example of transcytosis movement

A

Transport of proteins from capillary blood to interstitial fluid across endothelial of capillary

103
Q

HIV is transported by transcytosis T or F

A

T

104
Q

HIV is transported by transcytosis T or F

A

T

105
Q

What are molecular motors

A

They are protein bases molecular machines that perform intracellular movement of substances in response to stimuli

106
Q

Function of molecular motors

A

-Transport of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters from nerve cell body to synaptic terminal
- role in cell division for moving chromosomes
- transport of viruses and toxins to the interior of cells for their own detriment

107
Q

Types of molecular motors

A

Kinesis
Dynein
Myosin

108
Q

Kinesin transports substances by moving over the

A

Microtubule

109
Q

Kinesin molevule has two heads and one tail portion, one head ______________ to obtain _____________ which the other head uses to move and causes movement of the entire kinesin

A

Hydrolysws ATP to obtain energy

110
Q

End portion of tail of kinesin carries

A

The cargo- substances to be transported

111
Q

Kinesin is responsible for ________________ transport

A

Anterograde transport- transport of substances to the positive end of microtubule

112
Q

Dynein is similar to kinesin and transports substances over microtubules T or F

A

T

113
Q

Dynein is responsible for __________ transport

A

Retrograde transport- transport of substances t9 the negative side of mircotubule

114
Q

Myosin transports substances by moving over

A

Microfilaments

115
Q

Myosin are divided into _____ types based on amino acid sequence

A

18

116
Q

Myosin II and V are functionally significant, myosin II is involved in _____________ and myosin V is involved in ___________

A

Muscle contraction, transport of vesicles

117
Q

Abnormalities of sodium potassium pump can occur due to

A

Altered number or change in the functional status of Na+/K+ pump

118
Q

Abnormalities of sodium potassium pump can lead to

A
  • cardiac failure du3 to decreased number of Na+/K+ pump in the myocardium
  • hypertension due to increased number of Na+/K+ pump in renal tubule, increasing the absorption of sodium causing hypertension
119
Q

Ion channel diseases can be called

A

Channelopathies

120
Q

Sodium channel diseases

A

Muscle spasm
Liddle’s syndrome- characterised by increased osmotic pressure and hypertension due to dysfunction of sodium channels in the kidney

121
Q

Potassium channels diseases include:

A

Cardiac failure
Inherited deafness
Epileptic seizures in newborns

Physiology Cell And Cell Components (5 decks)

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