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Physiology Cell And Cell Components > Physiology Cell And Cell Components > Flashcards

Physiology Cell And Cell Components Flashcards

1
Q

Space outside cell is called

A

Extracellular space

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2
Q

General characteristics of cell

A

Cell needs nutrition and oxygen
Produces its on energy for growth
Eliminates CO 2 and other wastes
Maintains it’s environment for survival
Reproduces by division

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3
Q

Extracellular space is divided into

A

Interstitial/tissue space
Vascular space

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4
Q

Space between cells of a tissue is called

A

Interstitial or tissue space

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5
Q

Extracellular space of circulation is called

A

Vascular space

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6
Q

Contents secreted ny the cell present in interstitial space is called

A

Extracellular matrix

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7
Q

Types of primary tissues are

A

Muscles, nervous, epithelial and connective tissue

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8
Q

There are two types of organs, namely

A

Tubular or hollow organs
Compact or parenchyma organs

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9
Q

Structure of cell is divided into

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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10
Q

What is the protective sheath enveloping the cell body

A

Cell membrane

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11
Q

Cell membrane is also known as

A

Plasma membrane products plasmalemma

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12
Q

Cell membrane separates extracellular fluid from intracellular fluid T or F

A

True

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13
Q

Cell membrane is a semi permeable membrane with thickness between

A

75 to 111A

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14
Q

Percentage composition of proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, carbohydrates and other lipids

A

Proteins is 55 percent
Phospholipids 25 percent
Cholesterol 13 percent
Carbohydarate is 3 percent
Other lipids is 4 percent

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15
Q

Cell membrane is also called

A

Unit membrane or three layered membrane

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16
Q

Cell membrane is also called three layered membrane because

A

It has one electron lucent layer and 2 electron dense layers

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17
Q

The central.layer of cell membrane is a ___________ and the other 2 layers are -__________

A

Lipid layer and protein layers

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18
Q

Danielle davson model of cell membrane was proposed by who and when

A

James F Danielli and Hugh Davson in 1935

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19
Q

What structural model of cell membrane is referred to as a sand wich of lipids with proteins at the side

A

Danielle davson model

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20
Q

Unit membrane model was created by who and when

A

By JD Robertson in 1957

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21
Q

What structural model of cell membrane was based on electron microscopic studies

A

Unit membrane model

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22
Q

Fluid mosaic model was created by who and when

A

SJ singer and GL Nicholson in 1972

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23
Q

Membrane is a fluid of mosaic proteins that float in a lipid layer instead of making sandwiches is what structural model of cell membrane

A

Fluid mosaic modelz

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24
Q

Major lipids in cell membrane are

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

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25
Q

What are phospholipids

A

Lipid substances containing phosphorus and fatty acids

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26
Q

Examples of Phospholipids present in lipid layer of cell membrane are

A

Aminophospholipids, spinhomyelin, phosphatidylglycerol

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27
Q

Phospholipids are arranged in 2 layers, outer part is called __________ and inner part is called _________

A

Head portion and tail portion

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28
Q

What portion of the phospholipids is called the polar end, is soluble in water and has strong affinity for water

A

Head portion

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29
Q

What portion of the phospholipids is non polar

A

Tail portion

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30
Q

Why are cholesterol molecules arranged between phospholipids molecules

A

Because phospholipids are soft and oily and cholesterol molecules helo to pack the phospholipids in the membrane

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31
Q

What is the function of cholesterol

A

It is responsible for the structural integrity of lipid layer

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32
Q

Function of lipid layer

A

It is a semi permeable membrane that allows only fat soluble substances to pass through it and water soluble substances can not

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33
Q

Example of fat soluble substances

A

Oxygen, Co2, alcohol

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34
Q

Protein layer in cell membrane is divided into 2

A

-Integral or intrinsic or transmembrane proteins
- Peripheral or extrinsic or peripheral membrane proteins

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35
Q

Explain integral proteins

A

They pass through the entire thickness of cell membrane from one side to another , tightly bound to the cell membrane

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36
Q

Examples of integral proteins

A

Cell adhesion, cell Junction, Channel proteins

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37
Q

Explain peripheral proteins

A

Proteins that are partially embedded in the outer and inner surface of cell membrane and do not penetrate

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38
Q

There are two types of peripheral proteins namely

A

Extracellular PP
Intracellular PP

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39
Q

Examples of intracellular peripheral proteins are

A

Transport proteins, receptors, some exmnzymes

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40
Q

Examples of extracellular peripheral proteins

A

Antigens, adhesion proteins

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41
Q

Functions of proteins in cell membrane

A

-Integral proteins provide structural integrity for cell membrane
-Channel proteins help in diffusion of water soluble substances
-transport proteins help in transport of substances down electrochemical gradient by facilitated diffusion
-pump, some carrier proteins act as pump
- receptor proteins act as receptor sites for hormones
Some proteins act as antigens and induce formation of antibodies
- cell adhesion proteins are used for attachment of cells to their basal lamina

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42
Q

Some carbohydrates attach to proteins to from_______ and lipids to form ___________

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

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43
Q

Carbohydrate molecules form a thin and loose covering over cell membrane called

A

Glycocalyx

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44
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

-they are negatively charged and do not allow negatively charged molecules in and out of the cell
- function of receptor for some hormones

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45
Q

Function of glycocalyx

A

Helps in the fixation of cells with one another

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46
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Protective function
Absorptive function
Selective permeability
Excretory function
Exchange of gases
Maintenance of shape and size of cell

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47
Q

A jelly like material that contains 80 percent of water and cytosol is called

A

Cytoplasm

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48
Q

Cytoplasm is made out of 2 parts

A

Endoplasm and ectoplasm

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49
Q

Peripheral part of cytoplasm situated between cell membrane is

A

Ectoplasm

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50
Q

The inner part of cytoplasm between ectoplasm and nucleus is

A

Endoplasm

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51
Q

Cytoplasm organelles can be divided into two

A

Organelles with limiting membrane and organelles without limiting membrane

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52
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum

A

It is a network of tubular and microsomal components interconnected with each other

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53
Q

The lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum has a fluid matrix called

A

Endoplasmic matrix

54
Q

What is rough ER

A

It is an endoplasmic reticulum that is rough because of attachment of granula ribosomes to the outer surface

55
Q

Rough ER is also called

A

Granular ER

56
Q

Function of rough ER

A
  • Synthesis of proteins
  • Transport of amino acids
  • Degradation of worn out organelles
57
Q

Smooth ER is also called

A

Agranula ER

58
Q

Function of smooth ER

A

Synthesis of non protein
Cellular metabolism
Storage and metabolism of calcium
Catabolism and detoxification z

59
Q

What is golgi apparatus

A

It is a membrane bound organelle involved in processing of protein present in all cells except red blood cells

60
Q

Which organelle can be found in all cells except red blood cells

A

Golgi

61
Q

Each golgi has 5 to 8 flattened membrane called

A

Cisternae

62
Q

Golgi has 2 faces, list and explain

A

Cis face- near ER, reticular vesicles from ER enter through
Trans face- near cell membrane, processed substances leave through

63
Q

Function of golgi

A

Processing of materials
Packaging of materials
Labelling and delivery of materials

64
Q

Golgi apparatus is caller the post office of the cell, why?

A

Because it packages materials

65
Q

Golgi is called the shipping department of the cell, why?

A

Because it labells materials for delivery

66
Q

Explain briefly the process of making lysosomes

A

Enzymes synthesised by rough ER are packaged and processed by golgi in form of small vesicles, then these vesicles are pinched off golgi to form lysosomes

67
Q

Which organelle has the thickest covering membrane

A

Lysosome

68
Q

There are two types of lysosome, list and explain them

A

Primary lysosome- pinched off golgi and are inactive in spite heavy hydrolytic enzymes
Secondary lysosomes- they are active, formed by the fusion of primary with phagosome

69
Q

What organelle is often called garbage system of the cell cause of degradation

A

Lysosome

70
Q

List important lysosomal enzymes

A

Proteases
Lipases
Amylases
Nucleases

71
Q

What is the function of nucleases

A

Hydrolysis nucleic acids to macronucleotides

72
Q

Digestion of extracellular materials engulfed by the cell via endocytosis is called

A

Heterophagy

73
Q

Digestion and degradation of intracellular materials is called

A

Autophagy

74
Q

Function of lysosome

A

-Degradation of macromolecules
-Degradation of worn out organelles
-Removal of excess secretory products
- Secretory function

75
Q

Molecules engulfed through phagocytosis are called _______________ and molecules engulfed through pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis are called _____________

A

Phagosomes and endosomes

76
Q

When primary lysosomes fuses w endosome or phagosome it forms __________ which activates

A

Secondary lysosomes, acidic PH and lysosomal enzymes

77
Q

Rough ER wraps itself around worn out organelle and forms

A

Autophagosome

78
Q

Secretory lysosomes are firmed by

A

Combining lysosomes with secretory granules

79
Q

Examples of secretory lysosomes

A

Lysosomes in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer secrete perforin and granzymes which kill viral cells and tumors

80
Q

Granzymes belong to serine proteases family T or F

A

True

81
Q

What are the serine proteases familh

A

Family that dislodge peptide bonds of protein

82
Q

Secretory lysosomes of mast cells secrete

A

Serotonin

83
Q

What are perioxomes

A

They are membrane limiting vesicles like lysosomes but unlike lysosomes, they are pinched ER not golgi

84
Q

Perioxomes cintain oxidative enzymes T or F

A

True

85
Q

Function of perioxomes

A

Break down fatty acids by beta oxidation
Break down toxic substances like hydrogen perioxide by detoxification
Major site for oxygen utilisation
Accelerated gluconeogenesis from fat
Production of bile acids
Formation of myelin

86
Q

What organelle degrade purin to uric acid and accelerates gluconeogenesis in fat

A

Perioxomes

87
Q

What are centrosomes

A

Membrane bound cellular organelles located at almost centre of cell close to the nucleus

88
Q

Centrosomes contain 2 cylindrical structures called ___________ that are made up of _____________ and responsible for_____________

A

Centroiles, proteins, movement of chromosomes during cell division

89
Q

Organelles w limiting membrane and contain secretory substance formed in ER are called

A

Secretory vesicles

90
Q

Membrane bound cytoplasmic organelles concerned with production of energy are called

A

Mitochondrion

91
Q

Mitochondrion is oval shaped and is a bi layered membrane Tor F

A

True

92
Q

Outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth while inner membrane is folded into shelf like projections called

A

Cristae

93
Q

Cristae is known as respiratory chain/ electron transport system why?

A

It contains enzymes involved in respiration and synthesis of ATP

94
Q

Enzymes and proteins of respiratory chain include

A

Succinic dehydrogenase
Cytochrome C
Cytochrome oxidase
ATP synthase

95
Q

The only organelle that has its own DNA is

A

Mitochondria

96
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Production of energy
Synthesis of ATP
Apoptosis
Storage of calcium and detoxification of ammonia in the stomach

97
Q

Ribosomes are made up of ______ percent proteins and ________ rRNA

A

35, 65

98
Q

Ribosomes are concerned with protein synthesis T or F

A

True

99
Q

There are 2 types of ribosomes

A
  • the one that attaches to rough ER
  • the one that floats around freely in cytoplasm
100
Q

Ribosomes are also called ______ because of protein synthesis

A

Protein factors

101
Q

What carries genetic code for protein synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes

A

Messenger RNA

102
Q

Messenger RNA carries genetic code from __________ to ________

A

Nucleus to ribosome

103
Q

What is cytoskeleton

A

Cellular organ located through out cytoplasm that determines the shape and gives support to cell

104
Q

Cytoskeleton has 3 major components namely

A
  • Microtubule
  • intermediate filaments
  • microfilamenfs
105
Q

Microtubule is a straight hollow tube of cytoskeleton that has diameter of ______ to _______nm

A

20 to 30

106
Q

Microtubules are formed by bundles of globular proteins called _________ which has two structures _______ and ______^

A

Tubulin, alpha and beta sub unit

107
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Determine shape of cell
Give structural strength to cell
Act as conveyor belt
Move spindle fibers during mitosis
Movement if centroiles and complex cellular structures like cilia

108
Q

Network around nucleus that extends to the periphery of cell are called

A

Intermediate filaments

109
Q

Diameter of intermediate filaments is ______nm and is made uo of what type of proteins

A

10, fibrous

110
Q

Wjat are intermediate filaments

A

Filaments Form network around nucleus and extends to periphery of the cell

111
Q

Subclasses of intermediate filaments are

A
  • Keratin- in epithelial cells
  • Glail filaments- in astrocytes
  • Neurofilaments- in nerves
  • Vimentin
    -desmin- muscle fibers
112
Q

Function of intermediate filaments is

A

It helps to maintain shape of cell and connect adjacent cells through desmosomes

113
Q

Microfilaments are long and fine thread structures with diameter of ____ to _____nm

A

3 to 6

114
Q

Microfilaments are made up of non tubular contractile proteins called _______ and _______

A

Actin and myelin

115
Q

Which protein is more abundant in microfilaments

A

Actin

116
Q

Function of microfilaments

A

-give structural strength to cell
- give resistance to cell against pulling force
- responsible for movement such as gliding, cytokinesis,gliding

117
Q

Nucleus is most prominent and largest cellular organelle with diameter between ______ and ______ micrometere

A

10 and 22

118
Q

Nucleus Occupies 10 percent of the cell T or F

A

True

119
Q

Nucleus in all cells except ______ are necessary for cell division

A

RBC

120
Q

Nuclear membrane is double layer porous membrane that allows _________ to communicate with ______

A

Nucleoplasm, cytoplasm

121
Q

What is nucleoplasm

A

High viscous fluid that forms main part of nucleus, similar to cytoplasm

122
Q

Nucleoplams surround chromatin and nucleolus and contains network of proteins called ______^

A

Nuclear matrix

123
Q

Soluble liquid part of nucleoplasm is called

A

Nuclear hyaloplasm

124
Q

Chromatin is also called

A

DNA histone complex

125
Q

Thread like material made up of large molecules of DNA is called

A

Chromatin

126
Q

DNA wraps itself around centre core of 8 histone molecules to form packing unit of chromatin called

A

Nucleosome

127
Q

Chromosome is formed from a single DNA coiled around an histone T or F

A

True

128
Q

Cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes are called

A

Diploid

129
Q

Cells with 23 single chromosomes are called

A

Haploid

130
Q

Among 23 pairs of chromosomes, 1 pair is for sex the other 22 not concerned with sex ate called

A

Autosomes

131
Q

Nucleolus is a small round granula structure of nucleus, later condensed to form subunit of _______

A

Ribosomes

132
Q

Function of nucleus

A
  • controls all cell activities that involved metabolism, proteins synthesis and growth
    -formation of subunit of ribosome
  • synthesis of RNA
  • stores hereditary information
  • controls cell division

Physiology Cell And Cell Components (5 decks)

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