Physiology Cell And Cell Components Flashcards
1
Q
Space outside cell is called
A
Extracellular space
2
Q
General characteristics of cell
A
Cell needs nutrition and oxygen
Produces its on energy for growth
Eliminates CO 2 and other wastes
Maintains it’s environment for survival
Reproduces by division
3
Q
Extracellular space is divided into
A
Interstitial/tissue space
Vascular space
4
Q
Space between cells of a tissue is called
A
Interstitial or tissue space
5
Q
Extracellular space of circulation is called
A
Vascular space
6
Q
Contents secreted ny the cell present in interstitial space is called
A
Extracellular matrix
7
Q
Types of primary tissues are
A
Muscles, nervous, epithelial and connective tissue
8
Q
There are two types of organs, namely
A
Tubular or hollow organs
Compact or parenchyma organs
9
Q
Structure of cell is divided into
A
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
10
Q
What is the protective sheath enveloping the cell body
A
Cell membrane
11
Q
Cell membrane is also known as
A
Plasma membrane products plasmalemma
12
Q
Cell membrane separates extracellular fluid from intracellular fluid T or F
A
True
13
Q
Cell membrane is a semi permeable membrane with thickness between
A
75 to 111A
14
Q
Percentage composition of proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, carbohydrates and other lipids
A
Proteins is 55 percent
Phospholipids 25 percent
Cholesterol 13 percent
Carbohydarate is 3 percent
Other lipids is 4 percent
15
Q
Cell membrane is also called
A
Unit membrane or three layered membrane
16
Q
Cell membrane is also called three layered membrane because
A
It has one electron lucent layer and 2 electron dense layers
17
Q
The central.layer of cell membrane is a ___________ and the other 2 layers are -__________
A
Lipid layer and protein layers
18
Q
Danielle davson model of cell membrane was proposed by who and when
A
James F Danielli and Hugh Davson in 1935
19
Q
What structural model of cell membrane is referred to as a sand wich of lipids with proteins at the side
A
Danielle davson model
20
Q
Unit membrane model was created by who and when
A
By JD Robertson in 1957
21
Q
What structural model of cell membrane was based on electron microscopic studies
A
Unit membrane model
22
Q
Fluid mosaic model was created by who and when
A
SJ singer and GL Nicholson in 1972
23
Q
Membrane is a fluid of mosaic proteins that float in a lipid layer instead of making sandwiches is what structural model of cell membrane
A
Fluid mosaic modelz
24
Q
Major lipids in cell membrane are
A
Phospholipids and cholesterol
25
What are phospholipids
Lipid substances containing phosphorus and fatty acids
26
Examples of Phospholipids present in lipid layer of cell membrane are
Aminophospholipids, spinhomyelin, phosphatidylglycerol
27
Phospholipids are arranged in 2 layers, outer part is called __________ and inner part is called _________
Head portion and tail portion
28
What portion of the phospholipids is called the polar end, is soluble in water and has strong affinity for water
Head portion
29
What portion of the phospholipids is non polar
Tail portion
30
Why are cholesterol molecules arranged between phospholipids molecules
Because phospholipids are soft and oily and cholesterol molecules helo to pack the phospholipids in the membrane
31
What is the function of cholesterol
It is responsible for the structural integrity of lipid layer
32
Function of lipid layer
It is a semi permeable membrane that allows only fat soluble substances to pass through it and water soluble substances can not
33
Example of fat soluble substances
Oxygen, Co2, alcohol
34
Protein layer in cell membrane is divided into 2
-Integral or intrinsic or transmembrane proteins
- Peripheral or extrinsic or peripheral membrane proteins
35
Explain integral proteins
They pass through the entire thickness of cell membrane from one side to another , tightly bound to the cell membrane
36
Examples of integral proteins
Cell adhesion, cell Junction, Channel proteins
37
Explain peripheral proteins
Proteins that are partially embedded in the outer and inner surface of cell membrane and do not penetrate
38
There are two types of peripheral proteins namely
Extracellular PP
Intracellular PP
39
Examples of intracellular peripheral proteins are
Transport proteins, receptors, some exmnzymes
40
Examples of extracellular peripheral proteins
Antigens, adhesion proteins
41
Functions of proteins in cell membrane
-Integral proteins provide structural integrity for cell membrane
-Channel proteins help in diffusion of water soluble substances
-transport proteins help in transport of substances down electrochemical gradient by facilitated diffusion
-pump, some carrier proteins act as pump
- receptor proteins act as receptor sites for hormones
Some proteins act as antigens and induce formation of antibodies
- cell adhesion proteins are used for attachment of cells to their basal lamina
42
Some carbohydrates attach to proteins to from_______ and lipids to form ___________
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
43
Carbohydrate molecules form a thin and loose covering over cell membrane called
Glycocalyx
44
Functions of carbohydrates
-they are negatively charged and do not allow negatively charged molecules in and out of the cell
- function of receptor for some hormones
45
Function of glycocalyx
Helps in the fixation of cells with one another
46
Function of cell membrane
Protective function
Absorptive function
Selective permeability
Excretory function
Exchange of gases
Maintenance of shape and size of cell
47
A jelly like material that contains 80 percent of water and cytosol is called
Cytoplasm
48
Cytoplasm is made out of 2 parts
Endoplasm and ectoplasm
49
Peripheral part of cytoplasm situated between cell membrane is
Ectoplasm
50
The inner part of cytoplasm between ectoplasm and nucleus is
Endoplasm
51
Cytoplasm organelles can be divided into two
Organelles with limiting membrane and organelles without limiting membrane
52
What is endoplasmic reticulum
It is a network of tubular and microsomal components interconnected with each other
53
The lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum has a fluid matrix called
Endoplasmic matrix
54
What is rough ER
It is an endoplasmic reticulum that is rough because of attachment of granula ribosomes to the outer surface
55
Rough ER is also called
Granular ER
56
Function of rough ER
- Synthesis of proteins
- Transport of amino acids
- Degradation of worn out organelles
57
Smooth ER is also called
Agranula ER
58
Function of smooth ER
Synthesis of non protein
Cellular metabolism
Storage and metabolism of calcium
Catabolism and detoxification z
59
What is golgi apparatus
It is a membrane bound organelle involved in processing of protein present in all cells except red blood cells
60
Which organelle can be found in all cells except red blood cells
Golgi
61
Each golgi has 5 to 8 flattened membrane called
Cisternae
62
Golgi has 2 faces, list and explain
Cis face- near ER, reticular vesicles from ER enter through
Trans face- near cell membrane, processed substances leave through
63
Function of golgi
Processing of materials
Packaging of materials
Labelling and delivery of materials
64
Golgi apparatus is caller the post office of the cell, why?
Because it packages materials
65
Golgi is called the shipping department of the cell, why?
Because it labells materials for delivery
66
Explain briefly the process of making lysosomes
Enzymes synthesised by rough ER are packaged and processed by golgi in form of small vesicles, then these vesicles are pinched off golgi to form lysosomes
67
Which organelle has the thickest covering membrane
Lysosome
68
There are two types of lysosome, list and explain them
Primary lysosome- pinched off golgi and are inactive in spite heavy hydrolytic enzymes
Secondary lysosomes- they are active, formed by the fusion of primary with phagosome
69
What organelle is often called garbage system of the cell cause of degradation
Lysosome
70
List important lysosomal enzymes
Proteases
Lipases
Amylases
Nucleases
71
What is the function of nucleases
Hydrolysis nucleic acids to macronucleotides
72
Digestion of extracellular materials engulfed by the cell via endocytosis is called
Heterophagy
73
Digestion and degradation of intracellular materials is called
Autophagy
74
Function of lysosome
-Degradation of macromolecules
-Degradation of worn out organelles
-Removal of excess secretory products
- Secretory function
75
Molecules engulfed through phagocytosis are called _______________ and molecules engulfed through pinocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis are called _____________
Phagosomes and endosomes
76
When primary lysosomes fuses w endosome or phagosome it forms __________ which activates
Secondary lysosomes, acidic PH and lysosomal enzymes
77
Rough ER wraps itself around worn out organelle and forms
Autophagosome
78
Secretory lysosomes are firmed by
Combining lysosomes with secretory granules
79
Examples of secretory lysosomes
Lysosomes in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer secrete perforin and granzymes which kill viral cells and tumors
80
Granzymes belong to serine proteases family T or F
True
81
What are the serine proteases familh
Family that dislodge peptide bonds of protein
82
Secretory lysosomes of mast cells secrete
Serotonin
83
What are perioxomes
They are membrane limiting vesicles like lysosomes but unlike lysosomes, they are pinched ER not golgi
84
Perioxomes cintain oxidative enzymes T or F
True
85
Function of perioxomes
Break down fatty acids by beta oxidation
Break down toxic substances like hydrogen perioxide by detoxification
Major site for oxygen utilisation
Accelerated gluconeogenesis from fat
Production of bile acids
Formation of myelin
86
What organelle degrade purin to uric acid and accelerates gluconeogenesis in fat
Perioxomes
87
What are centrosomes
Membrane bound cellular organelles located at almost centre of cell close to the nucleus
88
Centrosomes contain 2 cylindrical structures called ___________ that are made up of _____________ and responsible for_____________
Centroiles, proteins, movement of chromosomes during cell division
89
Organelles w limiting membrane and contain secretory substance formed in ER are called
Secretory vesicles
90
Membrane bound cytoplasmic organelles concerned with production of energy are called
Mitochondrion
91
Mitochondrion is oval shaped and is a bi layered membrane Tor F
True
92
Outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth while inner membrane is folded into shelf like projections called
Cristae
93
Cristae is known as respiratory chain/ electron transport system why?
It contains enzymes involved in respiration and synthesis of ATP
94
Enzymes and proteins of respiratory chain include
Succinic dehydrogenase
Cytochrome C
Cytochrome oxidase
ATP synthase
95
The only organelle that has its own DNA is
Mitochondria
96
Function of mitochondria
Production of energy
Synthesis of ATP
Apoptosis
Storage of calcium and detoxification of ammonia in the stomach
97
Ribosomes are made up of ______ percent proteins and ________ rRNA
35, 65
98
Ribosomes are concerned with protein synthesis T or F
True
99
There are 2 types of ribosomes
- the one that attaches to rough ER
- the one that floats around freely in cytoplasm
100
Ribosomes are also called ______ because of protein synthesis
Protein factors
101
What carries genetic code for protein synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes
Messenger RNA
102
Messenger RNA carries genetic code from __________ to ________
Nucleus to ribosome
103
What is cytoskeleton
Cellular organ located through out cytoplasm that determines the shape and gives support to cell
104
Cytoskeleton has 3 major components namely
- Microtubule
- intermediate filaments
- microfilamenfs
105
Microtubule is a straight hollow tube of cytoskeleton that has diameter of ______ to _______nm
20 to 30
106
Microtubules are formed by bundles of globular proteins called _________ which has two structures _______ and ______^
Tubulin, alpha and beta sub unit
107
Function of cytoskeleton
Determine shape of cell
Give structural strength to cell
Act as conveyor belt
Move spindle fibers during mitosis
Movement if centroiles and complex cellular structures like cilia
108
Network around nucleus that extends to the periphery of cell are called
Intermediate filaments
109
Diameter of intermediate filaments is ______nm and is made uo of what type of proteins
10, fibrous
110
Wjat are intermediate filaments
Filaments Form network around nucleus and extends to periphery of the cell
111
Subclasses of intermediate filaments are
- Keratin- in epithelial cells
- Glail filaments- in astrocytes
- Neurofilaments- in nerves
- Vimentin
-desmin- muscle fibers
112
Function of intermediate filaments is
It helps to maintain shape of cell and connect adjacent cells through desmosomes
113
Microfilaments are long and fine thread structures with diameter of ____ to _____nm
3 to 6
114
Microfilaments are made up of non tubular contractile proteins called _______ and _______
Actin and myelin
115
Which protein is more abundant in microfilaments
Actin
116
Function of microfilaments
-give structural strength to cell
- give resistance to cell against pulling force
- responsible for movement such as gliding, cytokinesis,gliding
117
Nucleus is most prominent and largest cellular organelle with diameter between ______ and ______ micrometere
10 and 22
118
Nucleus Occupies 10 percent of the cell T or F
True
119
Nucleus in all cells except ______ are necessary for cell division
RBC
120
Nuclear membrane is double layer porous membrane that allows _________ to communicate with ______
Nucleoplasm, cytoplasm
121
What is nucleoplasm
High viscous fluid that forms main part of nucleus, similar to cytoplasm
122
Nucleoplams surround chromatin and nucleolus and contains network of proteins called ______^
Nuclear matrix
123
Soluble liquid part of nucleoplasm is called
Nuclear hyaloplasm
124
Chromatin is also called
DNA histone complex
125
Thread like material made up of large molecules of DNA is called
Chromatin
126
DNA wraps itself around centre core of 8 histone molecules to form packing unit of chromatin called
Nucleosome
127
Chromosome is formed from a single DNA coiled around an histone T or F
True
128
Cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes are called
Diploid
129
Cells with 23 single chromosomes are called
Haploid
130
Among 23 pairs of chromosomes, 1 pair is for sex the other 22 not concerned with sex ate called
Autosomes
131
Nucleolus is a small round granula structure of nucleus, later condensed to form subunit of _______
Ribosomes
132
Function of nucleus
- controls all cell activities that involved metabolism, proteins synthesis and growth
-formation of subunit of ribosome
- synthesis of RNA
- stores hereditary information
- controls cell division
