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Biology A Level > Transport in mammals > Flashcards

Transport in mammals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the circulatory system in mammals?

A

transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, and to maintain homeostasis by regulating temperature and pH.

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2
Q

What are the main components of mammalian blood?

A
  • RBC
  • WBC
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
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3
Q

Structure of RBC

A

Red blood cells are biconcave, disk-shaped cells without a nucleus.

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4
Q

Function of RBC

A

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

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5
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

To defend the body against infection and foreign invaders.

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6
Q

What is the role of platelets in the circulatory system?

A

To aid in blood clotting and prevent excessive bleeding.

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7
Q

What is plasma?

A

The liquid component of blood, which transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Maintains blood pressure and volume

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8
Q

Explain the double circulatory system in mammals.

A

Pulmonary circulation (between the heart and lungs) and systemic circulation (between the heart and the rest of the body).

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9
Q

Arteries

A
  • Thick muscular walls
  • narrow lumen
  • carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure.
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10
Q

Veins

A
  • Thinner walls
  • larger lumen
  • contain valves to prevent backflow
  • carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart under low pressure.
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11
Q

Capillaries

A

Very thin walls (one cell thick)
- narrow lumen
- facilitate exchange of gases
- nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues

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12
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle.

A

The sequence of events in one heartbeat, including :
- atrial systole
- ventricular systole
- diastole.

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13
Q

What is systole?

A

The contraction phase of the heart chambers, pushing blood out of the heart.

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14
Q

What is diastole?

A

The relaxation phase of the heart chambers, allowing them to fill with blood.

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15
Q

What are the four chambers of the human heart?

A
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
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16
Q

Blood pathway

A

Vena cava → Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Mitral valve → Left ventricle → Aortic valve → Aorta → Body.

17
Q

What is the role of the heart valves?

A

To prevent backflow of blood and ensure unidirectional flow through the heart.

18
Q

Which nervous system components regulate heart rate?

A
  • sympathetic (increases heart rate)
  • parasympathetic (decreases heart rate) nervous systems.
19
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic system in transport?

A

To return excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream and provide immune functions.

20
Q

How do nutrients get transported from the digestive system to the rest of the body?

A

Via the blood, after being absorbed into the capillaries in the intestines and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

21
Q

4 main valves

A
  • Tricuspid
  • Pulmonary
  • Bicuspid ( Mitral )
  • Aortic
22
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

between right atrium and right ventricle.

23
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

24
Q

Bicuspid valve ( Mitral )

A

between left atrium and left ventricle.

25
Q

Aortic valve

A

between left ventricle and aorta.

26
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

The coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium).

27
Q

Pulse

A

stretching and recoiling of thick elastic muscular walls of the artery to maintain high blood pressure

28
Q

SAN function

A

Initiates the heartbeat by generating electrical impulses that spread across the atria, causing them to contract

29
Q

SAN

A

Sinoatrial node

30
Q

AVN

A

Atrioventricular node

31
Q

AVN function

A

Receives the impulses from the SAN, delays them to allow the ventricles to fill with blood, and then transmits the impulses to the ventricles causing them to contract

32
Q

Affinity of Haemoglobin

A

1) CO
2) CO2
3) O2

Depends on surrounding concentration

33
Q

Bohr Shift

A

Effect of CO2 on the affinity of Haemoglobin towards O2

34
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

found in cytoplasm of RBC

Biology A Level (21 decks)

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