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Biology A Level > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A
  • the basic unit of living
  • organisms contains genetic material
  • surrounded by cell surface membrane
  • cytoplasm containing organelles
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2
Q

Nucleus

A
  • large organelle
  • present in eukaryotes
  • absent in prokaryotes
  • contains genetic material ; controls cell activities
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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A

an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

an organism whose cell do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

Cell surface membrane

A
  • partially permeable
  • controls the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment
  • 7nm
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6
Q

Chromatin

A
  • materials of which chromosomes are made
  • made up of DNA, proteins & small amounts of RNA
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7
Q

Chromosome

A
  • a structure made of tightly coiled chromatin
  • visible during cell division
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8
Q

Nucleolus

A

manufacture ribosomes using information in its own DNA

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9
Q

Protoplasm

A

all the living material inside a cell ( cytoplasm + nucleus )

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the contents of a cell, excluding the nucleus

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

organelle i n eukaryotic cells where aerobic respiration takes place

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12
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae

  • chemically modifies the molecules it transports
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13
Q

Cell wall

A
  • protects cell from mechanical damage
  • provides support
  • prevents cell from bursting by osmosis in case water potential is higher outside cell
  • found in prokaryotic, bacterial & fungal cells
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14
Q

Plasmodesmata

A
  • pore-lie structure found in plant cell walls
  • allow controlled passage of materials from one cell to another
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15
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • storage of biochemicals & waste products
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16
Q

Tonoplast

A

partially permeable membrane surrounding plant vacuoles

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17
Q

Chloroplasts

A

double membrane ( envelope )

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18
Q

Grana

A

stacks of membranes inside a chloroplast

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19
Q

Eyepiece graticule

A

small scale that is placed in a microscope eyepiece

20
Q

Stage micrometer

A

very small, accurately drawn scale of known dimensions, engraved on a microscope slide

21
Q

Micrographs

A

a picture taken with the help of a microscope
- photomicrograph = light microscope
- electron micrograph = electron microscope

22
Q

Magnification

A

the number of times larger the image of an object is compared to the actual size of the object

23
Q

Resolution

A
  • the ability to distinguish between two objects very close together
  • higher resolution = more details
24
Q

Microvilli

A

small, finger-like extensions of a cell to increase its SA for more efficient absorption / secretion

25
Q

Nuclear enmvelope

A
  • two membranes situated close together
  • surrounding the nucleus
  • perforated with nuclear pores
26
Q

Nuclear pores

A

control the exchange of materials

-> mRNA between the nucleus & cytoplasm

27
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • a network of flattened cisternae in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
28
Q

Ribosomes

A

protein synthesis
- eukaryotic = 80s
- prokaryotic = 70s

29
Q

Golgi vesicles

A
  • carry their contents to other parts of the cell
  • often to the cell surface membrane for secretion
30
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • contains digestive enzymes ( hydrolytic )
  • has a variety of destructive functions, such as the removal of old organelles
31
Q

Cristae

A

fold of the inner membrane of mitochondrial envelope
- ATP synthase
- electron transport chains associated with aerobic respiration

32
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

33
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate

34
Q

Microtubules

A
  • tiny tubes made of protein tubulin
  • cell support
  • determines cell shape
35
Q

Centrioles

A

1 of 2 small cylindrical structures made from microtubules

36
Q

Centrosome

A
  • assembly the microtubules that make up the spindle during nuclear division
37
Q

Cillia

A

they beat, causing locomotion / movement of fluid across the cell surface

38
Q

Flagellum

A

they beat, causing locomotion / movement of fluid across the cell surface

39
Q

Thylakoids

A

a flattened, membrane-bound, fluid-filled sac

  • site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
40
Q

Bacterium

A

single-celled prokaryotes
- can form spores

41
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

also known as murein
- makes bacterial wall more rigid

42
Q

Plasmid

A

smaller circular piece of DNA in a bacterium

  • often contain genes that provide resistance to antibiotics
43
Q

Viruses

A
  • infectious particle which can only replicate inside living cells
  • consists of a molecule of
    DNA / RNA ( genome ) surrounded by a protein coat
  • an outer lipid envelope may also be present
44
Q

MTOCs

A

Microtubule Organising Centres

45
Q

Structure of virus

A
  • a self-replicating genome
  • a protective protein coat
    ( capsid )
  • outer layer made of phospholipid

Biology A Level (21 decks)

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