Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

9700 > transport in mammals > Flashcards

transport in mammals Flashcards

1
Q

single circulation

A

blood flows through the heart once during the course of the circulation example: fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

blood circulation in fish

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why high pressured blood entering gills in fish

A

for exchange of gasses and after the gills it should go through all parts of the fish before reaching the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

double circulation

A

blood flows through the heart twice during the course of circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right ventricle -> lungs -> left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

systematic circulation

A

left ventricle -> lungs -> right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Closed Circulation

A

blood always flows through blood vessels and never comes in direct contact with tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Open Circulation

A

Blood is pumped out of the heart in open spaces called hemocoel and tissues are always lathered in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

artery diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how are arteries able to withstand high pressure

A

made up of thick walls ( collagen + elastic fibres + SM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

collagen in arteries

A

provide high tensile strength to withstand high smooth fibre muscle pressure and prevent bursting of arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

elastic fibers

A

stretch and recoil ( when stretched arteries dilate, more blood can flow, pressure decreases) ( when recoiled arteries constrict, pressure increases and less blood flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

smooth muscle

A

contracts and relaxes - it districts the flow of blood through the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

elastic arteries:

A

large arteries with a lot of elastic fibre and less smooth muscle ( present near heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

smooth arteries:

A

comparatively small arteries with more smooth muscle and less elastic fibre and next to the destination blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does a narrow lumen affect arteries?

A

help in increasing pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does a circular cross-section affect arteries?

A

maximum volume of blood transported with maximum contact with water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does an endothelial cell affect arteries?

A

provide a smooth surface and less restriction to blood flow. As the distance, from the heart increases, pressure decreases, and the thickness of the wall decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

valves present in veins

A

prevents backflow of blood and makes sure blood flows in one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does a large lumen affect veins?

A

decreases pressure and more blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does changing shape easily affect veins?

A

to accommodate more volume of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does less elastic fiber affect veins?

A

pressure is low in veins so no need of stretching and recoiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does thin walls affect veins?

A

pressure is low, it allows the skeletal muscle to squeeze the veins and push the blood against gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

in veins, there are less concentration of

A

collagen, elastic fibre and smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
A

vein diagram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
A

capillary diagram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

capillaries are __

A

one cell thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

capillaries are made up of

A

a single layer of endothelial cells for a shorter diffusion distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

presence of pores and gaps in capillaries

A

allows soluble molecules to leave the blood and become part of the tissue fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

why are capillaries small in size?

A

bring red blood cell close to the cell- effective diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

why are capillaries large in number?

A

increases the surface area for more diffusion and reduces pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

diameter of capillary and RBC

A

7 micro metre to help in effective diffusion of materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

why do capillaries have large SA:V ratio

A

for effective collision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

pre capillary sphincter muscle

A

to control amount of blood flow to capilarry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In capillaries the hydrostatic pressure of blood is high

A

it forces molecules out of the plasma into the tissue fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

blood is a

A

connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Red blood cells / Erythrocytes are produced in

A

bone marrow destroyed in the spleen/liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

life span of RBC

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

other name for RBC

A

Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

when RBC is in bone marrow

A

the nucleus is present it helps the production of hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase enzyme, the nucleus is broken down once enough hemoglobin and enzyme are produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

RBC shape

A

biconcave or disk-shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

in RBC no nucleus, so

A

no mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

in RBC no ribosome

A

so no protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how is the structure of RBC adapted for its function?

A
  • organelles absent - to accommodate more hemoglobin- more oxygen carried
  • biconcave/ disc shaped- it can squeeze through the capillary, larger surface area to volume ratio- faster diffusion
  • hemoglobin is arranged towards the surface- shorter diffusion distance, effective diffusion/faster diffusion
  • the same diameter as that of the capillary helps in effective diffusion
    -flexible- can deform so that it can pass through the capillary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

2 types of WBC

A

phagocytes and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

2 types of phagocytes

A

monocyte and neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The other name of RBC

A

Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

neutrophil

A

first, one to attack a pathogen, accumulate at the site of inflammation
forms 75% of phagocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

neutrophil diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

RBC diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

monocyte and macrophages other name

A

antigen-presenting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

in blood monocytes and tissues

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q
A

monocyte diagram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

monocyte function

A

they digest the pathogen and present it on the surface so that lymphocytes can identify them
they leave the blood and surround the tissues then they called macrophages
they undergo phagocytosis and present the part of the pathogen on the cell surface membrane then it is called as antigen presenting cells
it is doing that to attract lymphocytes
immune response by a phagocytes is non specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulf pathogen from vesicle/phagosome
they fuse with the lysosome
lysosomes releases hydrolytic enzymes and breaks the pathogen into small fragments and present them on the cell surface membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

protease enzyme

A

breaks down protein to amino acids, peptide bonds broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Carbo anhydrase enzyme

A

breaks down carbohydrates to glucose, glycosidic bonds broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

lipase enzyme

A

lipids to fatty acids + glycerol, ester bonds broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

nuclease enzyme

A

nucleic acids to nucleotides , phosphodiester bonds broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

neutrophil compared to monocyte

A
  • lobed nucleus
  • granules present
  • smaller in size
  • circulates in blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

monocyte compared to neutrophil

A
  • bean-shaped nucleus
  • granules absent
  • larger in size
  • settle in tissue/organ
63
Q

lymphocytes function

A

produced in bone marrow migrate to other parts for maturation

64
Q

monocyte diagram

A
65
Q

lymphocyte diagram

A
66
Q

Bcells

A

matured in bone marrow, when activated, undergo mitosis to form plasma and memory cells.
plasma cells secrete antibodies and memory cell helps in secondary immune response

67
Q

Tcells

A

Matured in the thymus gland, it stimulates B lymphocytes to produce antibodies kill bodies own cells that are infected with pathogen

68
Q

similarities between Bcells and Tcells

A

both produce in bone marrow
during maturation, both receive receptors that bind with specific antigens
when matured both circulate in blood, tissue fluid, and lymph
activated during an immune response due to the presence of receptors

69
Q
A
70
Q

what leaves the capillary

A

oxygen, glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, glycerol, ions, water

71
Q

what enters the capillary

A

carbon dioxide and urea

72
Q

plasma

A

pale yellow in colour contains dissolved nutrients, gases, ions etc

73
Q

as blood flows through the capillary

A

some of the plasma components leak out through the pores in capillary wall and surrounds the tissue forming the tissue fluid

74
Q

tissue fluid

A

=plasma - (plasma protein + RBC)

75
Q

no plasma protein or RBC leaves the capillary

A

as they are too large to escape, WBCs can leave the capillary as they can change their shape

76
Q

Tissue fluid contains

A

proteins produced by the tissues and given out to the tissue by exocytosis. it also contains antibodies secreted by B-lymphocytes. plasma protein inside the capillary decreases the water potential so water re-enters the capillary by osmosis. if protein diffuses out of the capillary into the tissue fluid more water is accumulated resulting in oedema

77
Q

people with kwashiorkor have

A

fewer proteins in the blood so water potential does not decrease much and water is accumulated in tissues

78
Q

partial pressure

A

the pressure exerted independently by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

79
Q

oxygen + hemoglobin reaction

A
80
Q

oxygen dissociation curves show

A

the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. it determines the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen

81
Q

carbon monoxide, oxygen and hydrogen ions share the

A

same binding site ( binds to haem group)

82
Q

carbon dioxide binds to the

A

protein chain

83
Q

cooperative binding

A

binding of one oxygen molecule helps the binding of other oxygen molecules easier

84
Q

hemoglobin is an

A

allosteric protein as it has multiple binding sites (4)

85
Q

why dissociation curve is sigmoid?

A

due to the way in which oxygen molecules bind with hemoglobin. first oxygen molecule binds with difficulty as it is not able to locate the haem group, with difficulty it binds once it binds with oxygen hemoglobin and changes its shape, as a result of these changes 2 oxygen molecules are taken up easily and the curve rises steeply bringing 75% saturation. its hard for the last oxygen molecule to bind due to lack of space. over the steep part of curve, a small decrease in partial pressure causes a large fall in the percentage saturation

86
Q

Difficulty of binding

A

1 4 2 3 ( decreasing order)

87
Q

P50

A

Partial pressure of oxygen at which 50% saturation is achieved

88
Q

curve for alveoli and tissue

A
89
Q
A

curve is shifted towards left
haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen
more of association takes place

90
Q
A

curve is shifted towards right
haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen , more of disassociation takes place

91
Q

factors that shift curve towards right

A
  • excercise
  • high CO2 concentration
  • low pH of blood
  • high temperature
92
Q

factors that shift curve towards left

A
  • rest
  • low CO2 concentration
  • high pH of blood
  • low temperature
93
Q

Birds and human

A

activity level of bird is high, so it requires more energy, increases rate of respiration, more carbon dioxide produced, curve shifts towards right, haemoglobin has less affinity, more dissasociation

94
Q

foetal haemoglobin vs adult haemoglobin

A

lungs is not functional, it recieves oxygen by diffusion through placenta, partial pressure of oxygen is low, mother haemoglobin releases some oxygen which diffuses into the foetus blood shifting the curve towards left, more affinity, more association

95
Q

lungworm

A

lungworm lives in burrow where partial pressure of oxygen is low, shifts the curve towards left, more affinity, more association

96
Q

Lama

A

Lama lives inh altitude, partial pressure of oxygen is low, shifts the curve towards left, more addinity , more association

97
Q

Rat vs elephant

A

activity level of rat is high, so it requires more energy, increased rate of respiration, more carbon dioxide produced, curve shifts towards right, haemoglobin has less affinity, more dissociation

98
Q

haemoglobin vs myoglobin

A

myoglobin contains one polypetide chain so one haem group, therefore carry one molecule of oxygen. it is present in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.
Myoglobin has a very high affinity for oxygen, oxyhaemoglobin is stable and it releases oxygen only when partial pressure is very low. No cooperative binding and its not an allosteric protein

99
Q

carbon dioxide

A

at high carbon dioxide concentration haemoglobin affinity decreases curve shifted towards right, more dissociation

100
Q

carbon monoxide

A

carboxyhaemoglobin is very stable, high affinity, shifts the curve towards left, leading to hypoxia (lower oxygen concentration is blood) it can be treated by exposing a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide. it stimulates the respiratory centre of medulla and increases breathing rate

101
Q

activity increases

A

affinity decreases, dissociation increases shifts the curve to the right

102
Q

activity decrease

A

affinity increases, dissociation decreases shifts the curve to the left

103
Q

bohrs effect explains

A

the effect of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions on haemoglobin affinity for oxygen

104
Q

In bohrs effect,

A

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is high in tissues, so CO2 diffuses out of the tissue into the red blood cell. it binds with water to form carbonic acid ( H2CO3) . it is catalysed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, it is a fast and reversible reaction. H2CO3 is unstable and it dissociates to give H+ and HCO3- ions. haemoglobin has a higher affinity for H+ when PO2 is low. oxyhaemoglobin breaks to give oxygen and haemoglobin. haemoglobin binds with H+ yo form haemoglobinic acid (HHb). oxygen molecule diffuses inside the tissue. HCO3- produced from carbonic acid leaves the RBC and moves to the plasma. Cl- enters inside the RBC to maintain electrical neutrality. this process is called as a chloride shift.Some of the CO2 molecule can directly bind with haemoglobin to come Carbaminohaemoglobin (HbCO2)

105
Q

Haldane effect

A
106
Q

heart is myogenic

A

can generate the impulse by itself, heartbeat is not under the direct control of the nervous system

107
Q

Sinoatrial node AKA

A

SA node

108
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

present in right atrium near the opening of vena cava. SAN initiates the wave of excitation as electrical impulse. wave of excitation then spreads to the left atrium with help of conducting tissues. as a result of this, atrium contracts.
Total duration is 0.1s
non conducting fibre/ fibrous ring prevents the impulse from reaching the ventricles

109
Q

atrioventicular node AKA

A

AVN

110
Q

Atrio venticular node

A

Av node delays the impulse by 0.1s, this prevents atrium and ventricle contracting simultaneously and ensure the movement of blood in the right direction
This time delay allows atria to get empty and undergo complete contraction. from AV node the wave of excitation is carried by bundle of his. which split into minor branches called purkyne tissue/fibre.
it is highly branched in left ventricle as it has more muscle and each muscle should receive the impulse
purkyne tissue conduct the wave of excitation form the base of the ventricle upward resulting in the contraction of the ventricle.it forces the blood to move from the base of the ventricle to the corresponding artery

111
Q

functions of SA node

A

acts a pace maker, regulates heartbeat, releases wave of excitation, helps in atrial systole, initiates heart beat/cardiac cycle

112
Q

functions of AV node

A

delays the impulse by 0.1s passes the impulse to the bundle of his/purkyne tissue, allows atrial systole to compete before ventricular systole

113
Q

functions of purkyne tissue

A

conduct impulse to base/apex of heart/ septum/ ventricles so that the papillary muscle contract and close the atrioventricular valve

114
Q

cardiac cycle 3 parts

A

artrial systole -0.1s
ventricle systole - 0.3s
joint diastole -0.4s

115
Q

why do we need a transport system

A
  • to transport oxygen from the lungs to all body parts
  • to transport hormones from endocrine glands to target organs
  • to transport digested food from the alimentary canal to the different body parts
  • to transport the waste products of metabolism from the cells to the organ of excretion
116
Q

why do we need a transport system while microorganisms do not

A
  • they have a high surface area to volume ratio so they can obtain their requirement and get rid of their wastes through their surface area while we gave a relatively small surface area to volume ratio
  • in microorganism, internal transport from one cell to another can take place by diffusion or active transport because the distance between the different parts of the body are extremely small
117
Q

factors which determine the need for a transport system

A
  • the surface area to volume ratio is bing
  • the distance over which materials have to be transported are very large
  • if the organism is metabolically very active so it requires a rapid supply of nutrients and oxygen and a rapid removal of large amount od waste products
118
Q

similarities between blood vessels

A

all are tubular, endothelium present, transports blood

119
Q

arteries compared to veins and capillaries

A
120
Q

veins compared to arteries and capillaries

A
121
Q

capillaries compared to arteries and veins

A
122
Q

function of elastic fibre

A

allows expansion of the lumen without casting damage, it keeps the pressure high by the elastic recoil mechanism and smooths out the flow of blood

123
Q

in elastic fibers - largest arteries

A

lots of elastic fibre to cope with high pressure

124
Q

in elastic fibers- small arterioles

A

little elastic fibre as pressure is less

125
Q

function of smooth muscle

A

this muscle can contract and narrow arterioles by vasoconstriction so reducing blood flow. this muscle can relax and widens arterioles by vasodilation so increasing blood flow and controlling the distribution of blood

126
Q

smooth muscle in largest arteries

A

little smooth muscle as lumen is too large to clos

127
Q

smooth muscle in small arterioles

A

lots of smooth muscle to control blood flow by vasoconstriction

128
Q

collagen function

A

this fibrous protein provides strength to stop arteries bursting when the pressure is high

129
Q

collagen in the largest arteries

A

lots of colllagen to give strength to prevent bursting

130
Q

collagen is small arterioles

A

little collagen as pressure is low and so less strength needed

131
Q

tissue

A

collection of one or more types of cell, specialised to carry out a particular function

132
Q

an organ can be considered a structural unit within an organism that

A

consists of more than one type of tissue
performs a particular function

133
Q
A
134
Q

the chordae tendinar are

A

chord like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart

135
Q

papillary muscles are located in

A

the ventricles of the heart

136
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood given out of the heart in a beat (70ml)

137
Q

stroke output

A

amount of blood given out of the heart in a minute

138
Q

cardiac output

A

heart rate * stroke volume

139
Q
A
140
Q
A
141
Q

order of pressure

A

arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins

142
Q

Explain, with reference to function, the difference in the thickness of muscle of the left and right ventricle.

A

The left ventricle pumps blood to rest of the body and the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
Right ventricle has smaller muscles because travel is short distance
Less resistance
Less force/pressure required

143
Q

Explain why the mammalian circulatory system is described as close double circulation.

A

Double – blood passe *s through the heart twice during one circulation;
Closed – blood travels inside blood vessels

144
Q

Disadvantage of having no nuclei in RBCs:

A
  1. Cannot carry out, protein synthesis/replication/repair;
  2. Short life span;
  3. Cannot, divide/replace themselves.
145
Q

Explain how the structure of red blood cells is suited to their function of transporting oxygen to body tissues.

A
  1. small size / 6-8 μm (diameter), to squeeze through capillaries (7 μm) ;
  2. small size / 6-8 μm (diameter), so, haemoglobin (molecules) near to surface (of plasma membrane) / reduces distance for diffusion (in / out of rbc) ;
  3. no nucleus / lack of organelles, so more room for haemoglobin (so more oxygen transported) ; R more room for oxygen
  4. biconcave shape / diagram drawn, increases surface area for, diffusion / uptake / release (of oxygen) ;
  5. flexible / AW ( membrane), to squeeze through capillaries ;
146
Q

Explain how heart action is initiated and controlled (reference should be made to the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node and the Purkyne tissue).

A
  1. myogenic;
  2. SAN, is pacemaker / sends out impulses / waves of excitation / initiates, heartbeat / action potential / contraction; R electrical, messages / waves / signals
  3. AVN delays, impulse / contraction (of ventricles);
  4. detail e.g. specific time ref (0.1 - 0.2 secs) or to allow ventricles to fill / atria to empty;
  5. relays impulse to Purkyne tissue / bundle of His;
  6. Purkyne tissue conducts (impulse) to base / apex of heart / septum/ ventricles;
  7. ref to papillary muscles contracting;
  8. ventricle (muscle) contracts / ventricular, contraction / systole, from base upwards;
  9. (blood) into arteries / named artery;
147
Q

Explain how the structure of haemoglobin aids the uptake of oxygen in the lungs.

A
  1. 4 polypeptides/4 globins/4 amino acid chains;
  2. outwardly pointing hydrophilic (R) groups, maintain solubility/AW;
  3. each with a haem group;
  4. ref to iron/Fe2+ ( ion); R Fe3+/iron atom
  5. temporary attachment to oxygen; A readily attaches/binds combines with
    R oxygen binds to haem
  6. 4 molecules of oxygen; A 4 O2/8 oxygen atoms R 4 oxygens unqualified
  7. oxyhaemoglobin; A HbO8
  8. ref to cooperative binding;
148
Q

Explain how CO2 stimulates the release of oxygen from the blood.

A
  1. carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid;
  2. catalysed by carbonic anhydrase;
  3. dissociates to hydrogen carbonate and hydrogen ions;
  4. hydrogen ions combine with haemoglobin; R hydrogen ions replace oxygen in haemoglobin
  5. forms haemoglobinic acid/HHb;
  6. so releasing oxygen;
    ignore ref to Bohr shift (question says ‘explain’)
    A from equations.
149
Q

Transport of CO2

A
150
Q

Describe and explain how carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen ions (H+) play a role in the unloading of oxygen from haemoglobin.

A
  1. diffusion of, carbon dioxide / CO2;
  2. into red blood cell from correct source ;
  3. description of carbonic acid formation followed by H+ production ;
  4. ref. carbonic anhydrase ) fast reaction; A ecf from (d)
  5. haemoglobin has a higher affinity for hydrogen ions than oxygen ; A haemoglobin releases oxygen more easily in acidic conditions accept idea of H+ binding to haemoglobin bringing out oxygen release
  6. ref. to, allosteric effect / change in tertiary structure / AW, in (oxy)haemoglobin, causes, release / AW, of oxygen ;
  7. formation of haemoglobinic acid ; must refer to, H+ binding / decreased pH
  8. ref. higher partial pressures / AW, CO2, linked to (oxy)haemoglobin releasing, more oxygen / oxygen more readily ; Bohr shift
  9. formation of carbamino-haemoglobin ; R carboxyhaemoglobin
  10. chloride shift, qualified ;
    e.g. as hydrogen carbonate ions move out of cell, chloride ions move in e.g. to maintain, electroneutrality / a balance of charge / ions ;
151
Q

Composition of blood at venule end, compared to that at the arteriole end

A

Blood at venule end has:
less pressure ; A low pressure
less oxygen ; A deoxygenated
less glucose ; only accept more glucose if identified as liver
fewer / more, amino acids / fatty acids ;
less water / lower water potential / lower solute potential / higher osmotic pressure / higher
concentration of solutes and / or rbcs ;
A ‘blood is more concentrated’
fewer ions ;
more of named cell product ; e.g. insulin / glucagon / albumen / AW
(more), urea / excretory waste ; R waste unqualified

152
Q

The percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen decreases as the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases. Explain how this happens.

A
  1. hydrogen ions / protons ; A H+
  2. either
    react or combine with haemoglobin / form haemoglobinic acid / form HHb ; A ‘picks up’ / absorb
    or
    carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin / forms carboxyhaemoglobin ;
  3. (so) stimulate haemoglobin to release more oxygen (in areas of low pO2) ;
    ref. to, allosteric effect / change in tertiary or quaternary structure or shape ; A conformational change
  4. either
    haemoglobin has a higher affinity for hydrogen ions than oxygen = 2 marks
    or
    haemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygen = 2 marks
153
Q

blood vs tissue fluid

A
154
Q
A

9700 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions