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gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

gaseous exchange system

A

A gaseous exchange like this circulatory system with the atmosphere

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2
Q

the gaseous exchange system is adapted to

A
  • clean and warm the air that enters during breathing
  • maximize the surface area for diffusion of oxygen , carbon dioxide between the blood and atmosphere
  • minimize the distance for this diffusion
  • maintain the adequate gradients for this diffusion
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3
Q

gas exchange in single celled organisms

A

single-celled organisms, the oxygen simply diffuses from the fluid outside the cell, through the cell surface membrane and into the cytoplasm

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4
Q

oxygen and CO2 are

A

nonpolar molecules, and they can cross the phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

gaseous exchange in multicellular organisms requires

A

a special gas exchange surface - example: alveoli in the human lungs
Alevoli collectively have a large/huge surface area , probably traveling around 20m^2 in adults- therefore gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
greater the surface area, greater the rate of diffusion

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6
Q

lungs seen in

A

thoratic ( chest ) activity

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7
Q

lungs surrounded by

A

the plural membranes which enclose an airtight space
this space contains a small quantity of fluid ( plural fluid ) to allow friction-free movement as the lungs are ventilated by the movement of the diaphragm and ribs

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8
Q

air pathway

A

nostrils- nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - bonchi - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole - alveolar duct- alveoli ( gas exchange occurs)

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9
Q

the beating of the cilia in the airways

A

carries mucus upwards towards the larynx at a speed of about 1cmmin^-1

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10
Q

what happens to air inside the nasal chamber?

A

the nasal chamber is lined with hairs, mucus glands and richly supplied with blood vessels, the air flowing through the nose is warmed to body temperature and moistened by evaporation from the lining, for protecting the delicate surface inside lungs from dessication( drying out), particles smaller than 5-10 micro metre are trapped by nose hairs
mucus lining the nasal cavity traps the germs and suspended matter in the air and moistens the air, in the trachea and bronchi, the mucus produced by the goblet cells

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11
Q

Mucus-

A

mucin - glycoprotein- golgi bodies

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12
Q

glycoprotein process happening in

A

golgi body

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13
Q

trachea position

A

comes anterior to the oesophagus

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14
Q

cross-section of trachea

A

the lining is compressed of ciliated epithelium which rests on a basement made up of protein fibers
in between the ciliated cells are goblet cells
beneath the epithelium is an area of loose tissue with blood vessels and mucous glands
the trachea as a whole is supported by 15-20 C- shaped in complete rings of cartilage ( completely posteriorly by the trachealis muscle )

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15
Q

structure and function of golgi bodies

A

produce mucus to trap dust and pathogens, mucus must contain mucin, which is a glycoprotein. therefore, the number of golgi bodies are so high in goblet cells

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

structure and function of mucous glands

A

produce mucus to trap dust and pathogens , mucuc contains mucin which is a glycoprotein

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18
Q

structure and function of elastic fibres

A

they stretch during respiration and recoil ( to push air out) during expiration

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19
Q

structure and function of cillia

A

beats to push mucus to the throat, so that it could be swallowed

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20
Q

structure and function of C-cartillage

A

keep the aiways open , thus lowring resistance to air. provides support and keeps the trachea from colla[somh due to changes in air pressure

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21
Q

structure and function of smooth muscle

A

airways widen when smooth muscle relaxes ( for example during exercise) when it contracts the airways constricts

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22
Q

structure and function of trachealis muscle

A

found in the posterior wall allows the trachea to contract and decrease its diameter

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23
Q

steps involved in the production of mucus from goblet cells

A
  • transcription: production of mRNA
  • transalation: protein chains produced
  • lumen of E.R- enzymes modify the secondary folding
  • transport vesicles formed
  • binds with golgi body- glucose is added
  • tertiary or quaternary folding, if necessary
  • exocytosis
  • mucin with water
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24
Q

bronchi singular

A

bronchus

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25
Q

bronchi

A

a major branch of the trachea that extends to the lungs
at the base of the trachea are 2 bronchus which subdivide and branchial “tree” in each lung
cartilage in the trachea and bronchi keeps the airways open and air resistance low, and prevents them from collapsing or bursting as the air pressure changes during breathing

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26
Q

cross-section of bronchi

A

ciliated epithelium is the inner lining of bronchi. between which goblet cells are present
the number of goblet cells is less compared to that of the trachea.
below the epithelium are elastic fibers
a layer of smooth muscles comes in between the submucosa and cartilage blocks
in bronchi there are irregular blocks of cartilage

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27
Q

Bronchiole

A

each bronchus divides many times to form smaller bronchioles. terminal bronchiole divided to form even narrower respiratory bronchioles that supply the alveoli with air. bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle, which can contract or relax to adjust the diameter of these tiny airways. during exercise, the muscles relax to allow a greater flow of air to the alveoli, the absence of cartilage makes these adjustments possible

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

terminal bronchiole

A

after the bronchus comes the terminal bronchiole
terminal bronchiole has no cartilage or goblet cells
smooth muscles and ciliated cells present
size- 1mm in diameter

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30
Q

Respiratory bronchiole

A

comes after terminal bronchiole
no cartilage , goblet cells or smooth muscle
a few cillia are present
size-0.5mm in diameter

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31
Q
A
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32
Q
A
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33
Q

cross section of bronchiole

A

inner layer of ciliated epithelium followed by smooth muscle
there is no cartilage in bronchus
elastic fibers are seen

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34
Q

alveolar duct

A

size: 400 micro meter in diameter
ni cartilage, goblet cells, smooth muscles or cillia
alveolar duct is also a site of gas exchange

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35
Q

alveolus is made up

A

of squamous epithelial cells- single, flat cells

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36
Q

alveolus size

A

250 micro meter in diameter

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37
Q

alveoli contain

A

elastic fibers which stretch during inspiration and recoil during expiration to help force air out
Alveoli fully expanded- increases surface area for diffusion
example: during exercise

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38
Q

blood capilaries with thin

A

single celled walls ( endothelial) are seen very close to the alveoli

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39
Q

macrophage ( dust cells):

A

phagocytes usually found in blood. some migrate through the capilaries and clear debris, dust particles, bacteria and fungal spores from the alveolus called visiting phagocytes

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40
Q

surfactant

A

moist lining formed by the mixture of lipoproteins and phospholipids. it helps in easy diffusion. prevents alveoli from sticking together, surfactant reduces the surface of the fluid so that alveolus does not collapse, gases dissolve and diffuse

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41
Q

adaptations of gas exchange surface/ alveoli

A

1) one cell thick: made up of squamous epithelial cells- for easy diffusion
2) walls have elastic fibers ( elastin ) : that stretch and recoil during inhilation and exhalation
3)moist surface: so gases can diffuse dissolved
4)large surface area:many alveoli
5)short diffusion distance: because of thin layers of alveolus wall ( epithelium) and capillary wall ( endothelium)
6) surrounded by many capilaries- to maintain a steep concentration gradient for diffusion, blood is slowed in capilaries, good ventilation in lungs and good circulation of blood maintain a good concentration gradient

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42
Q

O2 and CO2 molecules diffuse

A

( high to low con. gradient) quickly between the air and blood because the distance is very small

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43
Q

a steep con. gradient must be maintained in alveoli

A

made by breathing and circulation of blood

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44
Q

breathing supplies

A

fresh air into the lungs, with a relatively high O2 con. (PO2 = 13.9kPa) and a relatively low CO2 con.(PCO2=5.3kPa)

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45
Q

blood is brought to the lungs

A

with a relatively high O2 (PO2=5.3kPa) and a high con. of CO2 (PCO2= 6.0kPa) than the air in the alveoli

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46
Q

O2 therefore

A

diffuses down its concentration gradient from the air in the alveoli to the blood, and CO2 diffuses down in con. gradient in the opposite direction

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47
Q

Partial pressure

A

the pressure excreted by a single component a mixture of gases of gases commonly expressed in mmg

48
Q

if O2 has to move from alveoli into RBC

A

it must cross 5 cell membranes layers. this means 10 phospholipid layers

49
Q

it it must just enter the capilary

A

it has to cross 4 cell membrane layers

50
Q

if CO2 has to cross from RBC to alveoli

A

it must cross 5 cell membrane layers

51
Q

if CO2 has to cross from capillary

A

to alveoli it must cross 4 cell membrane layers

52
Q

trachea number

A

1

53
Q

teachea approx diameter

A

1.8cm

54
Q

trachea cartilage

A

yes

55
Q

trachea goblet cells

A

yes

56
Q

trachea smooth muscle

A

yes

57
Q

bronchus number

A

2

58
Q

bronchus approx diameter

A

1/2cm

59
Q

bronchus cartilage

A

yes

60
Q

bronchus goblet cells

A

yes

61
Q

bronchus smooth muscle

A

yes

62
Q

terminal bronchiole number

A

48000

63
Q

terminal bronchiole approx diameter

A

1mm

64
Q

terminal bronchiole cartilage

A

no

65
Q

terminal bronchiole gobelt cells

A

no

66
Q

terminal bronchiole smooth muscle

A

yes

67
Q

respiratory bronchiole number

A

300k

68
Q

respiratory bronchiole approx diameter

A

0.5mm

69
Q

respiratory bronchiole cartilage

A

no

70
Q

respiratory bronchiole goblet cells

A

no

71
Q

respiratory bronchiole SM

A

no

72
Q

alveolar duct number

A

9 X 10^6

73
Q

alveolar duct approx diameter

A

400 micro meter

74
Q

alveolar duct cartilage

A

wrong

75
Q

alveolar duct goblet cells

A

no

76
Q

alveolar duct SM

A

no

77
Q

alveoli number

A

3x10^9

78
Q

alveoli approx diameter

A

250 micro meter

79
Q

alveoli cartilage, goblet cells and SM

A

no

80
Q
A
81
Q
A
82
Q
A
83
Q
A
84
Q
A
85
Q
A
86
Q
A
87
Q
A
88
Q
A
89
Q
A
90
Q

main limiting factor on the amount of work done that muscles can
perform during aerobic exercise?

A

the amount of oxygen delivered to the muscles is limited by the volume
of blood flowing to them. The more popular answer was that the limitation is due to the speed of dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin.Evidently it is not generally appreciated how quickly dissociation occurs.

91
Q

moist walls does not effect efficiency of gas exchange

A

oxygen can diffuse about one thousand times more slowly in water than
it can in air. Therefore although oxygen has to be dissolved before it can
cross the alveoli cell membranes, having moist walls does not increase
efficiency of gaseous exchange.

92
Q

why is the inner lining of the bronchiole folded

A

to allow for expansion during breathing

93
Q

maintaining conc gradient for co2 and o2

A
  1. ventilation of the lungs would maintain the concentration gradients
    by reducing the carbon dioxide concentration in the alveoli, whilst
    increasing the oxygen concentration.
  2. blood flow past alveoli
  3. flow of blood through the lungs
  4. breathing movement exhcanging air
  5. blood arrives in the lungs w lower o2 conc and higher co2 conc than
    alveolar air
  6. NOT THIN LINING IN ALVEOLI
94
Q

how is the collapse of alveoli prevented (qs81)

A

epithelial cells secrete a chemical that reduces cohesion in water [
surfactant ]
surfactant reduces surface tension in the lungs

95
Q

which organelle is present in large quantities in ciliated epithelial cells?

A

mitochondira
^preference over golgi, rer and lysosomes

96
Q

a disease damages alveoli. effects

A

surface area - decreases
volume of lungs - no change
max volume of air breathed out - decreases [im guessing because
efficiency of diffusion decreased]

97
Q

to plasme

A

4 membrances

98
Q

/ to rbc

A

5 membrances (for o2 and co2)

99
Q

most o2 absorbed =

A

breathing rate * tidal volume

100
Q

during exercise,

A

breaths r shorter and faster so vital capacity decreases

101
Q

vital capacity =

A

lung volume at full inspiration - lung volume at full
expiration

102
Q

an epidermis would not be seen in the photomicrograph of the wall of a

A

trachea (elastic fibres and smooth muscle can be seen)

103
Q

the bronchus contains both

A

ciliated cells and goblet cells; it is the bronchiole that contains ciliated cells, but very few goblet cells. [look out for this word for bronchioles]

104
Q

absence of cartilage in small bronchioles allows them to

A

expand

105
Q

bronchioles may contain ciliated epithelium or goblet cells (its just that

A

not all bronchioles contain them, the ones that do so are in v small quantities)

106
Q

there is no endothelium or epithelium in

A

bronchioles

107
Q

process of gaseous exchange

A
108
Q

Goblet cells found in

A

trachea and bronchus/bronchiole.

109
Q

Smooth muscle is found

A

trachea, bronchus, bronchiole

110
Q

Role of mucus in the gas exchange system:

A
  1. Lines surface (of epithelium);
  2. Sticky;
  3. Traps, dust/spores/bacteria/AW;
  4. Moved by cilia;
  5. Towards throat/away from lungs;
  6. Protects, alveoli/gas exchange surface.
111
Q

Mucus is sticky and therefore helps to

A

trap dust and bacteria thereby protecting the alveoli against damage and pathogens. The cilia sweeps out the mucus away from the lungs.

112
Q

Smooth muscle in the trachea and in the bronchi relaxes during

A

strenuous exercise.

113
Q

Suggest the advantages of relaxing this smooth muscle during periods of strenuous exercise

A

I more air can enter unqualified
more air / oxygen, reaches the, alveoli / gas exchange surface ;
more gas exchange / greater absorption of oxygen / excretes more carbon
dioxide ; AW
A maximises oxygen obtained
satisfies increased demand for oxygen / AW ;
trachea / bronchi / airways, widen / AW ;
e.g. dilate / expand / enlarge A diameter of lumen increases
reduces resistance to air flow ; R rate of air flow increases

114
Q

Describe process of gas exchange between alveoli and blood

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood and oxygen diffuses into blood
By diffusion; From an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down the gradient
Across the squamous epithelium cells of alveoli
And endothelial cells of capillary walls A squamous cells but must be made clear this is for capillaries
Oxygen binds to RBCs I oxygen binds to Hb
Steep concentration gradient maintained by good air ventilation/uptake by haemoglobin/blood carries oxygen away / blood arrives with carbon dioxide / deoxygenated blood arriving low in oxyge

115
Q
A

9700 (14 decks)

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