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nucleic acids Flashcards

1
Q

nucleic acid is present in

A

nucleus, mitochondria and chlorophlast

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2
Q

building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides- pentose sugars, nitrogenous base and phosphate group

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3
Q

pentose sugar

A

5 carbon atom

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4
Q

ribsose

A

RNA

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5
Q

deoxyribose

A

DNA, second carbon atom has no OH which makes it less reactive so its more stable

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6
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

purines, pyramidines

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7
Q

purines

A

adenine
guanine
double ring

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8
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine
thymine (only DNA)
uracil (only RNA)
single ring

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9
Q

phosphate group

A

phosphoric acid, H3PO4

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10
Q

Structure of DNA in Deoxyribose

A

nucleoside- pentose sugar + nitrogenous base

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11
Q

nucleoside formation in purines

A

H20 and N glycosidic bond formed
Nitrogenous base is attached to the 1st carbon atom of deoxyribose sugar by N-glycosidic bond- condensation reaction- removed by water

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12
Q

nucleoside formation in pyrimidines

A

H20 and N glycosidic bond formed
Nitrogenous base is attached to the 1st carbon atom of deoxyribose sugar by N-glycosidic bond- condensation reaction- removed by water

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13
Q

nucleotide-

A

nucleoside + phosphate group

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14
Q

nucleotide formations in purines

A

phosphate group is attached to the 5th carbon atom of deoxyribose sugar by condensation reaction. phosphodiester bond is formed

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15
Q

nucleotide formations in pyramidines

A

phosphate group is attached to the 5th carbon atom of deoxyribose sugar by condensation reaction. phosphodiester bond is formed

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16
Q
A

nucleotide

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

2 nucleotides are joined by

A

phosphodiester bond

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19
Q

if a free phosphate group is present in

A

the 5th carbon atom of deoxyribose sugar it is called 5’ end of polynucleotide, if a free OH group is present in the 3rd carbon atom then it becomes the 3’ end of polynucleotide

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20
Q

features of DNA

A

made up of 2 polynucleotide chains
backbone of DNA is made up of sugar and phosphate
the 2 chains move in antiparralel direction
if one chain is moving from 5’ to 3’ direction, the other moves in 3’ to 5’ direction

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

purine always base pairs with

A

pyramidine

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23
Q

pitch of a helix is

A

3.4nm

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24
Q

in a pitch where 10 base pairs are present

A

distance between 2 base pairs is 0.34Nm

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25
Q

Chargoffs rule

A

he proposed complementary base pair ruling, purine always base pairs with pyrimidines, 2 ring structure base pair with 1 ring. distance between 1 pair is the same

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26
Q

importance of hydrogen bond

A

provide 3D structure to the molecule
many H2 bond gives stability but not easily separated
individual hydrogen bond can be broken so that the 2 strands are separated during replication/transcription
Hydrogen bond is formed between specific bases so less changes of mistakes
hydrogen bond is formed without any chemical reactions

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27
Q

importance of DNA being stable

A

maintains genetic information
same genetic information passed into daughter cells
sequence will not change
proteins produced will be functional

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

Replication

A

copying of information from parental DNA to daughter DNA during replication, both strands act as a template
New DNA molecule will be identical to each other
the daughter DNA produced will have 1 parental strand and synthesised strand due to this replication is called as semiconservative

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30
Q

enzymes involved in replication

A

topioisomes
helicase
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase

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31
Q

topoisomerase in replication

A

uncoils/unwinds DNA/ cuts the backbone( sugar+ phosphate)

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32
Q

helicase in replication

A

breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary base pair, makes DNA strand available as template

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33
Q

DNA polymerase in replication

A

used DNA as a template to catalyze the polymerisation of DNA nucleotides, it catalyses the formation of new strand 5’ to 3’ direction

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34
Q

DNA ligase in replication

A

join okazaki fragments

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35
Q

replication fork due to

A

high energy requirements takes place in a small portion of DNA

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36
Q

parental stand with the polarity 3’ to 5’

A

is called the leading strand and synthesis of DNA in continuous. the parental strand with polarity 5’ to 3’ is called a lagging strand, synthesis is discontinous . it takes place in small fragments called okazaki fragments

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37
Q

okazaki fragments are joined by DNA ligase

A

it helps in making the phosphodiester bond between the fragments

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38
Q

binding proteins

A

binds to DNA, sterilizes the single-stranded structure generated by helicase. it does not allow parental strand to come down to each other( prevents complimentary base pairing)

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39
Q

RNA primers

A

to start DNA replication a small portion of RNA primers is required (18-22 bases). DNA polymerase can add nuleotides to an existing strand only. a primer contains a free OH group or the third carbon of sugar to which the phosphate group is attached. at end of replication the primer is removed

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40
Q

gene

A

a sequence of nucleotides/bases that is part of DNA that codes for a polypeptide

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41
Q

role of DNA polymerase

A

complimentary base pairing , join nucleotides by phosphodiester, proof read, Rpair

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42
Q

activated nucleotide

A

present in nucleoplasm during replication they give off 2 phosphate group so that nucleotides many bond with other nucleotide

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43
Q

Central Dogma of molecular biology

A
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44
Q

transcription

A

copying of information from DNA to RNA

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45
Q

why only one strand of DNA is copied to mRNA

A

if both the strands of DNA code for mRNA , 2mRNA molecules will be produced and they are complimentary to each other and form a double helix RNA
this prevents the translation of RNA ( protein synthesis)
if both the DNA strands act as a template, they will cools for 2 mRNA with different sequence which in turn code for 2 different polypeptide chains

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46
Q

enzymes involved in transcription

A

topoisomerase
helicase
RNA polymerase

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47
Q

RNA polymerase in transcription

A

produces a new strand 5’ to 3’

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48
Q

DNA strand with polarity 3’ to5’ act as template

A

transcribed strand. the other strand of DNA with polarity 5’ to 3’ is called as a non-transcribed strand

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49
Q

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region

A

and the process of transcription begins..

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50
Q

RNA polymerase moves along the

A

template strand and add nucleotides opposites to the template strand following complimentary base pair ruling

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51
Q
A
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51
Q

when RNA polymerase reaches the termination region

A

it leaves the DNA forming a primary transcript of mRNA. the 2 strands of DNA are joined again by hydrogen bond, primary transcript/ pre mRNA undergoes processing

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52
Q

primary transcript of mRNA contains

A

coding sequnece (eexon) and non codinh sequence (intron) during processing, introns are looked out by the process of slicing and all the exons are joined by ligase, at 5’ end, guanine is added and at 3’ end adenin is added

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53
Q

similarity between exons and introns

A

both are part of primary transcript

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54
Q

exons

A

coding sequence, involved in transalation/required for the formation of polypeptides
not removed from primary transcripts joined to form mRNA. leaves the nucleus and goes to ribosomes
Not involved in regulating activity of gene

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55
Q

introns

A

non coding sequence
not involved in transalation
removed from primary transcript joined to form mRNA
not part of mRNA
remains in nucleus
may e involved in regulatory activity of gene

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56
Q

codon

A

sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases in mRNA which code for an amino acid

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57
Q

features of genetic code

A

totall of 64 codons- 61 code for amino acids,3 stop codon (UAA, UAG,UGA)

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58
Q

AUG has dual function

A

it codes for methionine and acts as a start codon

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59
Q

genetic code is degenerate

A

1 amino acid can have more than 1 codon

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60
Q

genetic code is universal

A

same for prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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61
Q

genetic code is read in

A

continous manner

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62
Q

reverse transcription

A

(mRNA makes DNA) - making DNA from RNA with the help of enzyme reverse transcription

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63
Q

mutation

A

a sudden inheritable change in DNA sequence that can lead to the formation of a dejective polypeptide

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64
Q

substituition

A

one or more nitrogenous base is changed with another

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65
Q

types of mutations

A

misence
silent
noncence

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66
Q

miscence

A

one nitrogenous base changed, one codon changed, a different amino acid appears in the sequence, primary structure changed, it shows that the genetic code is specific

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67
Q

CAC

A

his

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68
Q

CAA

A

gen

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69
Q

silent

A

one nitrogenus base change, one codon changed but codon for same amino acid so no change in primary structure, it shows that the genetic code is degenerate

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70
Q

GAG

A

Glu

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71
Q

UAG

A

stop

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72
Q

nonense

A

comes in between the sequence resulting in a shortness of polypeptide

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73
Q

insertion

A

adding a nitrogenous base in between the sequence

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74
Q

deletion

A

removing a nitrogenous base from the sequence. both results in frame shit as a result 0 this, the whole reunite after the mutation changes, a stop codon can come later the eenxyme ventilating in formation of shot

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75
Q

tramelation

A

takes place in cytoplasm, tRNA leaves the neuleus after transcription through nuclear pore and binds to the ribosome, mRNA caused

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76
Q

Role of tRNA

A

tRNA Carries amino acids to ribosomes
each type of tRNA carries a specific amino acid
anticodon on tRNA binds to codon on mRNA
tRNA molecules hold amino acids in place for peptide bond formation
tRNA molecules reused

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77
Q

semiconservative replication

A

each strand of DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand, new DNA has one parental strand and one daughter strand

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78
Q

process of exocytosis

A

Exocytosis is an active process that requires ATP, process by which materials are removed from cells by the fusion of vesicles containing the substance with the membrane, finally the contents are secreted out of the cell

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79
Q

process of DNA replication

A

DNA ( double helix) unwinds, hydrogen bonds break between base pairs, complementary base pairing, phosphodiester bonds form, both strands are used as templates, producing 2 identical DNA molecules,

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80
Q

outline how a mutation in GYS1 can lead to the formation of an altered polypeptide where a different amino acid replaces one amino acid

A

mutation causes the gene to be altered as base substitution changes the sequence of nucleotides so an altered mRNA is produced during transcription and mRNA codon is changed, tRNA brings different anticodons and different amino acid is formed

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81
Q

function of nucleolus

A

assembles ribosomes for polypeptide synthesis

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82
Q

function of mitochondria

A

synthesis ATP to supply energy for transcription of GYS1

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83
Q

the function of RER or Golgi body

A

folds and modifies synthesised polypeptide to produce functioning glycogen synthase

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84
Q

RNA serves as the

A

genetic material in some plant viruses

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85
Q

similarities between DNA and RNA

A
  • both are macromolecules ( polynucleotides)
  • both are build-up of nucleotides
  • both can be found in the nucleus
  • both contain sugar-phosphate backbone
  • both contain N- bases C, G, and A ( purines and pyrimidines)
  • their sugars are linked to a phosphate group at one end and a nitrogenous base at the other end
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86
Q

DNA occurs in

A

nucleus, it is also present in mitochondria and chlorophlast

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87
Q

sugar present in DNA

A

deoxyribose sugar

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88
Q

Nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

adenine, guanine ( purines), cytosine and thymine (pyrimidines)

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89
Q

DNA is mostly ___ stranded

A

double

90
Q

DNA is the

A

genetic material

91
Q

DNA transcribes

A

genetic information to RNA

92
Q

DNA quantity

A

is fixed for a cell

93
Q

DNA can be hydrolyzed

A

by an enzyme DNA-base

94
Q

DNA replicates to form

A

new DNA molecules

95
Q

hydrogen bonds are formed between

A

complementary nitrogen bases of the opposite strands of DNA

96
Q

DNA is of only

A

one type

97
Q

DNA shows regular

A

helical coiling

98
Q

in DNA purine-pyrimidine bases

A

are in equal number

99
Q

RNA is found in

A

cytoplasm, nucleus and nucleoplasm

100
Q

sugar present in RNA

A

is ribose sugar

101
Q

Nitrogen bases in RNA

A

adenine, guanine(purines), cytosine and uracil ( pyrimidines)

102
Q

RNA is mostly __ stranded

A

single

103
Q

RNA generally performs

A

nongenetic functions related with protein synthesis

104
Q

RNA translates the

A

transcribe messages for forming polypeptides

105
Q

RNA quantity

A

variable

106
Q

RNA can be hydrolyzed

A

by an enzyme RNA-ase

107
Q

RNA cannot

A

replicate itself except in RNA-RNA viruses

108
Q

in RNA base pairing

A

through hydrogen bonds occurs only in coiled parts

109
Q

RNA is of three types

A

rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

110
Q

no regular coiling in RNA

A

excepts in parts of tRNA

111
Q

in RNA purine-pyramidine

A

bases are not in equal number

112
Q

messeneger RNA

A

mRNA

113
Q

mRNA description

A
  • it represents about 5 to 10% of the total RNA
  • it is synthesized from DNA as and when necessary
114
Q

mRNA function

A

mRNA has a significant role in genetic code, it carries the genetic information in the form of a specific sequence of nitrogen bases arranged in triplet codons, which are copies from the code in DNA

115
Q

transfer RNA

A

tRNA

116
Q

tRNA description

A
  • it represents about 10 to 15% of the total RNA in the cell
  • It has the shortest molecule having only about 80 to 100 nucleotides.
  • the polynucleotide chain is folded on itself to have the shape of a cloverleaf
  • the anticodon loop bears a triplet combination of nitrogen bases called anticodon, it is complementary to a codon of mRNA
117
Q

tRNA function

A

tRNA is responsible for transferring amino acids to the site of protein synthesis ( ribosomes)

118
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

rRNA

119
Q

rRNA description

A
  • it represents nearly 80% of the total RNA in the cell
  • it is joined to proteins in ribosomes
  • there are at least 20 different sorts of tRNA molecules, each with a particular triplet of bases at one end and able to attach to a specific amino acid at the other end ( there are 20 different types of essential amino acids)
120
Q

mRNA sugar

A

ribose

121
Q

mRNA has urcacil and no

A

thymine

122
Q

mRNA is _ strannded

A

single

123
Q

mRNA has __ bonds

A

no hydrogen

124
Q

mRNA is not a

A

helix , it is a straight chain

125
Q

mRNA ratio

A

of A+G to C+T varries

126
Q

mRNA has _ base pairing

A

no base pairing within molecules

127
Q

mRNA base pairing A-U with

A

tRNA/anticodon

128
Q

mRNA length compared to DNA

A

shorter

129
Q

mRNA found in

A

cytoplasm

130
Q

mRNA is attached to

A

ribosomes

131
Q

mRNA is __ lived

A

short

132
Q

mRNA short function

A

transfer of information ( to ribosome)

133
Q

mRNA codes for

A

one polypeptide

134
Q

mRNA produced by

A

transcription

135
Q

DNA sugar

A

deoxyribose

136
Q

DNA has thymine but no

A

uracil

137
Q

DNA is _ stranded

A

double

138
Q

DNA has _ bonding

A

hydrogen bonding

139
Q

DNA has _ helix

A

double

140
Q

DNA ratio of A+G to C+T =

A

1

141
Q

DNA has _ pairing

A

base

142
Q

DNA base pairing is A-

A

T

143
Q

DNA length compared to RNA

A

Longer

144
Q

DNA found in

A

nucleus

145
Q

DNA is not attached to

A

ribosomes

146
Q

DNA is _ lived

A

long

147
Q

DNA function short

A

information storage

148
Q

DNA codes for

A

more than one polypeptide

149
Q

DNA produced by

A

semiconservative replication

150
Q

Transcription

A

genetic code on DNA is copied into mRNA, the double helix of DNA unwinds ( in the region to be copied) , complementary nucleotides line up along the coding strand of DNA, A to U and C to G, assemble to make a complementary strand of mRNA, under the influence of RNA polymerase, mRNA unzips from DNA template and passes to ribosomes

151
Q

Replication occurs in

A

late interphase/ s phase/ prior to mitosis

152
Q

Replication is catalyzed by

A

DNA polymerase enzymes

153
Q

Replication complimentary base pairing

A

A-T

154
Q

In replication both strands act as

A

template

155
Q

in replication

A

all the DNA molecule is copied

156
Q

in replication free activated DNA nucleotides serve as

A

raw material

157
Q

in replication

A

2 DNA molecules produced and they are double stranded

158
Q

Replication is important in

A

mitosis/ meiosis

159
Q

in replication okazaki fragments

A

and joining of DNA required

160
Q

Replication occurs along the

A

strands of DNA. it involves unwinding and splitting of the entire DNA molecule (chromosome)

161
Q

Replication involves copying of the

A

entire genome

162
Q

Replicated DNA strand remains

A

hydrogen bonded to its template DNA strand

163
Q

in replication 2 double-stranded DNA molecules are

A

formed from one DNA molecule

164
Q

in replication products remain

A

within the nucleus and are broken down

165
Q

Replication requires RNA primer

A

to start replication

166
Q

replication produces

A

normal DNA molecule that do not need any processing

167
Q

transcription occurs in

A

the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle

168
Q

transcription is catalyzed

A

by RNA polymerase enzyme

169
Q

transcription base pairing is

A

A-U

170
Q

in transcription only _ strand involved

A

one

171
Q

in transcription genes are

A

copied

172
Q

in transcription, RNA nucleotides serve as

A

raw material

173
Q

in transcription _ produced

A

messenger RNA/ mRNA/ pre mRNA

174
Q

transcription is important in

A

protein synthesis

175
Q

in transcription mRNA produced as

A

continuous molecules

176
Q

transcription takes place along

A

one strand of DNA and involves unwinding and splitting only those genes which are to be transcribed

177
Q

transcription involves

A

copying of certain individuals only

178
Q

transcribed RNA strand

A

separates from the template strand

179
Q

in transcription, A single one-stranded RNA molecule

A

formed from a segment of one strand

180
Q

in transcription the greater part of the product passes from

A

nucleus into cytoplasm

181
Q

in transcription products are

A

degraded after their function is over

182
Q

in transcription

A

no primer is required

183
Q

transcription produces

A

primary RNA transcript molecules which need processing to acquire final form and size

184
Q

why do the two polynucleotides on a dna molecule run in opp directions

A

the 2 polynucleotides on a dna molecule run in opposite directions so
that the double helix formed has 2 strands that are parallel to each other

185
Q

A separate tRNA molecule is not required for each of the ten amino
acids because

A

each of the tRNA molecules, specific to one of the four
kinds of amino acid, can be reused.
relate trna to no of diff amino acids

186
Q

helicase - makes strands available as

A

templates

187
Q

topoisomerase - enables tension caused by

A

unwinding to be
released

188
Q

single-strand binding protein - prevents

A

original strands reforming
complementary base pairs

189
Q

dna polymerase

A

adds dna nucleotides to the 3’ end of a growing
polynucleotide strand

190
Q

before mrna leave nucleus, what events will have occured twice?

A

bonds break between cb and bonds form between cb

191
Q

what makes the exact copying of dna molecules possible

A

base pairing

192
Q

correct sequence of processes involved in formation of an enzyme

A

transcription → translation → condensation → ionic bonding

193
Q

what happens if ribosomes r inactivated

A

peptide bonds will not form between adj amino acids in the growing
polypeptide

194
Q

smallest unit of a dna molecule that can be altered by a mutation and
cause a change to the coding of a polypeptide?

A

nucleotide

195
Q

no rna polymerase? :((

A

condensation reactions joining rna nucleotides will not take place to form
mrna

196
Q

translation timeline

A

mrna binds to ribosome → trna enters ribosome → h bonds form →
peptide bond forms

197
Q

max number of codon-anticodon interactions within one ribosome

A

2 yaaaaaaaas

198
Q

define gene

A

a sequence of nucleotides that forms part of the dna molecule and
codes for a polypeptide

199
Q

during dna replication, what must happen before a newly added
nucleotide is bonded to the next nucleotide in the strand

A

cb pairing and h bond formation

200
Q

structure of atp

A

nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded
phosphate groups

201
Q

3 bases make one

A

amino acid [ 3 nucleotides = 1 amino acid ]

202
Q

tRNA contains

A

single stranded RNA which folds such that hydrogen
bonding occurs between regions of complimentary bases (it occurs
along some of the trna’s length)

203
Q

dna is able to

A

remain stable due to the sugar-phosphate backbone

204
Q

dna molcules has

A

reducing sugar [molecule has covalent and hydrogen
bonding]

205
Q

sense strands / antisense strans are other words for

A

transcribed/ non-transcribed strand

206
Q

sugar-phosphate bonds form after

A

complementary base pairing

207
Q

only trna has a site to which a

A

only trna has a site to which a s

208
Q

dna molecules differ in the

A

sequence of the nucleotides

209
Q

in replication, both the dna strands act as

A

templates (parental dna is split
into 2 strands, each of which is replicated); but in transcription only one
acts as a template

210
Q

if the parent molecule contains 40% guanine

A

so does the new dna
molecule because they are both identical

211
Q

base pairs are of

A

equal length

212
Q

when they say possible effects of mutated sequence, and they give u a
sequence just go by

A

that given sequence

213
Q

role of dna polymerase is to make

A

polynucleotides and make sugarphosphate bonds

214
Q

anticodon and dna triplet have the same

A

base sequence

215
Q

State what is meant by a STOP:

A

Codon that terminates polypeptide synthesis / translation / transcription
Does not code for an amino acid
Has no complementary anticodon
Causes release of polypeptide chain

216
Q

Compare the peptide bond formed during translation with the types of bond made during tertiary structure formation

A

similarity
peptide bond and disulfide bond are covalent bonds ;
differences
tertiary structure bonds are between, R groups / side chains, (of different amino acids ;
H bond / ionic bond / hydrophobic interaction, versus covalent peptide bond ;
A tertiary structure bonds apart from disulfide are not covalent
peptide bond, stronger / more thermostable, than, tertiary structure bonds / two named bonds;
peptide bond is between, carboxylic acid / COOH, and, amino / NH2, group (of the adjacent amino acid) ;
AVP ; detail of a tertiary structure bond e.g.
hydrophobic between non-polar R groups
disulfide between sulphur-containing R groups
ionic between carboxyl and amino groups of R groups
H bond between oxygen on —CO groups and H on either the —OH or —NH groups of R groups

217
Q

Explain how the structure of DNA enables it to replicate semi-conservatively.

A
  1. base pairing/A-T and C-G; A purine - pyrimidine
  2. ref to complementary/explained with ref to H bonds; R complementary in wrong context
  3. (free) nucleotides pair with both, strands/each strand/polynucleotides/sides;
  4. both strands act as templates;
  5. to produce two DNA molecules that are identical to one another;
218
Q

Role of mRNA after leaving nucleus:

A
  1. translation ; R if transcription given as well, unless in correct context A use of, nucleotide / base, sequence, to make, amino acid chain / polypeptide / protein
    I protein / polypeptide, synthesis
  2. moves towards / combines with, ribosome ;
  3. ref to small and/or large sub-units ; I small / large ribosome
  4. codon(s) ; only accept in correct context
  5. transfer / t, RNA, bringing, amino acid(s), to mRNA / ribosome ;
  6. anticodon(s) ; only accept in correct context
  7. (complementary) base pairing ;
  8. any e.g. of codon:anticodon base pairing ; need six bases
  9. ref to polyribosome(s) / used by many ribosomes ;
  10. (mRNA short-lived) ref to production of protein for short period of time ;
219
Q

Role of tRNA in protein synthesis:

A
  1. (tRNA) carries amino acid to ribosome ;
  2. ref. to specificity of amino acid carried ; A role in ensuring correct primary structure
  3. ref. anticodon (on tRNA): codon (on mRNA) binding ;
  4. ref. complementary / base pairing ; A A-U, C-G
  5. ref to tRNA binding sites within ribosome ;
  6. two tRNAs bound to, mRNA / ribosome, at same time ;
  7. amino acids held close to each other / AW ;
  8. (for) peptide bond formation ;
  9. (tRNA) can be reused / binds another amino acid ;
220
Q

During interphase:

A

cells metabolically active / AW ;
protein synthesis ;
transcription ;
translation ;
gene expression ;
DNA / semi-conservative, replication ;
respiration ;
synthesising, organelles / named organelle(s) ; e.g. A centrioles replicate
synthesising, macromolecules / named macromolecule ;

221
Q

Factors that increase the risk of cancer:

A
  1. chemical carcinogens ; A named carcinogenic chemical e.g. asbestos / tar / benzpyrene / aniline dyes / mustard gas / ethidium bromide ; allow two named chemicals for two marks
  2. virus, qualified ; e.g. with oncogene / ability to convert host proto-oncogene / named virus e.g. HPV / retrovirus / HIV / HTL
  3. ionizing radiation / X-rays / gamma rays / particles from radioactive decay / ultraviolet light / alpha particles / beta particles ; allow two named radiation examples for two marks
  4. free radicals ;
  5. hereditary predisposition / AW ;
  6. tobacco smoking ;
  7. obesity ; A qualified ref. to diet
  8. AVP ; e.g. if immunocompromised
222
Q

How can mutation in gene lead to formation of altered polypeptide where one amino acid is replaced with a different amino acid*

A

(in DNA / gene) altered, sequence / AW, of, nucleotides / bases ;
base substitution or base / nucleotide, replaces another, base / nucleotide;
(mRNA synthesised) during transcription ;
(mutation leads to) altered / AW, mRNA / messenger RNA ;
(only) one (mRNA) codon changed / a different codon ; (A one DNA, triplet / codon, changed I ref. to codons changed)
tRNA, with / has, a different anticodon ;
7 (tRNA) brings, a different / a changed / the incorrect, amino acid, during translation / to the ribosome ;
codon-anticodon, binding / complementary / AW ; (A matches R amino acid with anticodon)

223
Q

Role of anticodon in translation

A

The anticodon is complementary to the codon on mRNA hence it binds to the mRNA
The anticodon is specific to an amino acid. This ensures that the correct amino acid sequence is formed during translation.

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