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transport in humans Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a double circulatory system?

A

blood flows through the heart twice in one circuit

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2
Q

advantages of a double circulatory system

A

ensures blood is pumped at a low pressure to the lungs so it can be properly oxygenated and oxyenated blood can be pumped out at a high pressure to all body cells

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3
Q

name of blood vessels connecting the LIVER

A
  • hepatic artery and vein
  • hepatic portal vein (gut to liver)
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4
Q

name of blood vessels connecting the KIDNEY?

A

renal artery and vein

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5
Q

blood vessels in cardiac cycle?

A
  1. pulmonary vein
  2. pulmonary artery
  3. vena cava
  4. aorta
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6
Q

components of blood?

A

1.plasma (55%)
2.erythrocytes(red blood cells)
3.leukocytes (white blood cells)
4.platelets

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7
Q

main functions of blood?

A

(a) to transport:
* oxygen
* food substances
* hormones
* waste materials
* heat
from one part of the body to another

(b) to protect the body by preventing entry of foreign bodies and fighting infections

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8
Q

details about PLASMA

A
  • 55% of blood volume
  • 90% water, 10% dissolved substances
  • substances dissolved in plasma: mineral ions, digested food substances, plasma proteins, metabolic waste products, hormones
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9
Q

details about ERYTHROCYTES

A

1.produced in bone marrow and broken down in the spleen
2.lifespan of about 4 months

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10
Q

structural adaptations of erythrocytes

A

(1) haemoglobin
- binds reversibly to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
- each molecule of haemoglobin can bind up to 4 molecules of oxygen

(2) absence of nucleus
- more space for haemoglobin –> more oxygen transported

(3) circular and biconcave shape
- increases surface area to volume ratio, allowing for quicker diffusion of oxygen

(4) elastic/flexible cell surface membrane
- allows cell to change shape while squeezing throuh capillaries

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11
Q

details about leukocyte

A
  1. less numerous than erythrocyte
  2. lifespan of about a few days
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12
Q

details of platelets (thrombocytes)

A
  1. fragments of larger bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes
  2. clots blood by forming sticky plugs at wound sites
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13
Q

importance of blood clotting

A
  1. prevents entry of foreign bodies through the wound
  2. prevents excessive loss of blood
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14
Q

mechanism of blood clotting

A

1.damaged tissues produce thrombokinase (enzyme).
2.thrombokinase catalyses process of prothrombin (inactive) turning into thrombin (active enzyme)
3.fibrinogen turns into fibrin threads with the help of thrombin
4.fibrin threads form a mesh to trap blood cells

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15
Q

details of ABO blood groups

A

blood type A
* anti-B antibodies
* A antigens

blood type B
* anti-A antibodies
* B antigens

blood type AB (universal recipient)
* no antibodies
* A and B antigens

blood type O (universal donor)
* anti-A and anti-B antibodies
* no antigens

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16
Q

what is agglutination?

A

clumping of red blood cells which is fatal
* when anti-A antibodies bind with antigen A
* when anti-B antibodies bind with antigen B

17
Q

structural features of an ARTERY

A
  • THICKER, MORE ELASTIC AND MUSCULAR WALLS:
    withstand high pressure of blood flowing through it, and mantain high pressure of blood by stretching and recoiling to push blood in splurts
  • smaller lumen
18
Q

structural features of a VEIN

A
  • RELATIVELY THINNER, LESS ELASTIC AND LESS MUSCULAR WALLS:
    blood flowing through it is of lower pressure
  • PRESENCE OF SEMILUNAR VALVES:
    prevent backflow of blood due to low pressure of blood in veins
  • larger lumen
19
Q

structural features of CAPILLARY

A
  • ONE CELL THICK WALLS THAT ARE PARTIALLY PERMEABLE:
    short distance, substances are able to diffuse through the walls quickly
  • WALLS BRANCH REPEATEDLY:
    provides a large surface area for the quick exchange of substances
20
Q

what is tissue fluid caused by?

A

blood plasma pushed out of the small gaps in capillaries by hydrostatic pressure

21
Q

what does tissue fluid contain and not contain?

A

CONTAINS:
* dissolved food substances (glucose, amino acids)
* waste products (urea, hydrogencarbonate ions)
* phagocytes

DOES NOT CONTAIN:
* proteins (they are too large to pass through the gaps)
* red blood cells

22
Q

name of the wall that keeps left and right side of heart seperated

A

median septum

23
Q

types and location of heart valves

A
  1. semilunar valves: in aorta and pulmonary artery
  2. bicuspid valve: betweenleft atrium and ventricle
  3. tricuspid valve: between right atrium and ventricle
24
Q

what do heart valves help ensure?

A

unidirectional flow of blood, preventing backflow of blood

25
Q

why are ventricular walls thicker than those of the atria?

A

muscular walls of ventricle contract to pump blood to the rest of the body (far distance) so walls are thicker and more muscular to exert a higher pressure, ensuring blood reaches all areas of the body. however, muscular walls of atria contract to pump blood to the ventricles (short distance), thus their walls less thick and muscular as blood can be pumped at a lower pressure.

26
Q

cardiac cycle?

A

(1)ATRIAL SYSTOLE
* muscles surrounding both atria contract, forcing blood into ventricles. pressure in atria rises.
* tricuspid + bicuspid valves open to allow blood to flow through
* semilunar valves close to prevent backflow of blood into vena cava and pulmonary vein.

(2) VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE (“dub” sound)
* muscles surrounding both ventricles contract and pressure in ventricles rises
* blood from ventricles is pumped out of heart and into aorta and pulmonary artery
* tricuspid and bicuspid valves close to prevent backflow of blood
* semilunar valves in aorta and pulmonary artery open to allow passage of blood.

(3) DIASTOLE (“lub” sound)
* muscles surrounding both atria and ventricles relax, pressure in chambers fall
* blood enters relaxed atria and ventricles.
* tricuspid and bicuspid valves open to allow blood to pass through
* semilunar valves in pulmonary artery and aorta close to prevent backflow of blood

27
Q

what do coronary arteries do

A

supplies nutrients and oxygen to heart muscles

28
Q

how can coronary arteries result in coronary heart disease

A

narrowing of arteries and blocked arteries due to build up of fatty deposits containing cholesterol

29
Q

how can coronary heart disease cause a heart attack

A

blocked coronary artery cuts off blood supply to heart muscle. heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen and nutrients , thus cannot respire. heart cannot continue to contract, resulting in heart attack

30
Q

causes of coronary heart disease

A
  1. diet high in cholesterol and saturated animal fats
  2. lack of exercise
  3. stress and smoking (increase in blood pressure and narrowing of artery walls due to buildup of plague)
31
Q

how to prevent coronary heart disease

A
  1. reduce intake of cholesterol and saturated animal fats
  2. regular physical exercise
  3. manage stress and avoid smoking

biology (12 decks)

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