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biology > eukaryotic cell ultrastructure > Flashcards

eukaryotic cell ultrastructure Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the cell theory state

A
  • cells are the basic unit of life
  • all organisms are made up of cells
  • cells arise from pre-existing cells by division
  • cells contain information (DNA) used as instructions for growth, development and functioning
  • chemical reaction to mantain life takes place inside cells
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2
Q

size comparison of cells + organelles

A

plant cell > animal cell > nucleus > chloroplast > mitochondria > lysozome > ribosome

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3
Q

major structural features of eukaryotic cells

A
  1. cell surface membrane
  2. nucleus
  3. cytoplasm contains:
    * cytosol (fluid)
    * organelles
    * cytoskeleton (support and mantain shape of cell)
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4
Q

structure of the nucleus

A
  • double membrane
  • has nuclear pores
  • contains DNA
  • contains one or more nucleolus
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5
Q

functions of the nucleus

A
  • controls cell activity by regulating protein and enzyme synthesis
  • nuclear division is the basis of cell replication
  • nucleolus synthesises and partially assembles ribosomes
  • synthesises DNA
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6
Q

structure of cell surface membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails on interior and hydrophillic heads on exterior
  • phospholipid consists of a phosphate group attached to two fatty acid chains
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7
Q

function of cell surface membrane

A
  • partially permeable membrane
  • barrier between cytoplasm and environment
  • prevents most water soluble subtances from entering or leaving cell
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8
Q

structures of centrioles

A
  • cylindrical structures composed of microtubules
  • two centrioles make a centrosome
  • found in pairs in only animal cells or single structures
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9
Q

functions of centriole

A
  • produces spindle fibers which attach to and seperate chromosomes during cell division
  • forms cillia and flagella
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10
Q

structure of ribosomes

A
  • no membranes
  • made out of protein and RNA
  • 2 subunits - large and small
  • found attached to the RER or freely in cytosol
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11
Q

function of ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis

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12
Q

structure of endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • found on outer nuclear envelope membrane
  • consists of a network of membranous sacs called cisternae
  • smooth ER has no ribosomes, rough ER has ribosomes on its surface
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13
Q

functions of ER (smooth and rough)

A

SMOOTH ER:
synthethises lipids and steroid hormones
ROUGH ER:
site of protein synthesis and transport through cisternae

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14
Q

structure of golgi apparatus

A
  • consists of FLATTENED membranous sacs called cisternae
  • continually being formed at cis face and continually budded off at trans face where vesicles are pinched off
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15
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A
  • chemically modifies, sorts and transports molecules
  • forms lysozomes
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16
Q

structure of lysozome

A
  • small spherical vesicles containing hydrolytic digestive enzymes
  • single membrane
17
Q

function of a lysozome

A
  • digestion of materials taken in by cell
  • autophagy - digestion of worn out or improperly functioning organelles
  • autolysis - self digestion of cell by releasing lysozome contents
18
Q

structure of mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • outer membrane : smooth and continuous
  • inner membrane : extesively folded to form cristae that project into the interior (matrix)
  • contains circular DNA, RNA, ribosomes
19
Q

function of mitochondria

A

releases energy via cellular respiration

20
Q

structure of chloroplast

A
  • double membrane
  • outer membrane : smooth and continuous
  • inner membrane : gives rise to membranes named thykaloids which extends throughout the interior
  • interior has a gel like matrix called stroma
  • within the stroma, thykaloids are stacked into grana and joined by the intergranal lamellae
  • green, contains photosynthetic pigments
  • contains DNA
21
Q

function of chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

22
Q

structure of a vacuole

A
  • fluid filled bound by a single membrane
  • known as vesicles in animal cells
  • large central vacuole for plant cells,
    surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast) containing cell sap
23
Q

functions of vacuole

A
  • entry of water is important in cell expansion and normal water relations of plants
  • hydrolytic enzymes sometimes present, can act as a lysozome
  • waste products accumulate within vacuole
  • some dissolved substances act as food reserves
24
Q

structure of cell wall

A
  • plant cells - made out of cellulose
  • strong yet permeable to let free passage of substances in and out of cell

for PROKARYOTES :
fungi – chitin cell wall
bacteria – peptidoglycan cell wall

25
Q

function of cell wall

A
  • mechanical support
  • protective layer
26
Q

organelle(s) with no membrane

A

ribosome

27
Q

organelle(s) with single membrane

A
  • lysozome
  • vacuole
28
Q

organelle(s) with double membrane

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplast
29
Q

organelle(s) containing DNA

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplast
30
Q

organelle(s) containing RNA

A
  • mitochondria
  • ribosome
31
Q

differences between animal and plant cells

A
  1. cell wall
    animal : absent
    plant : present, cellulose
  2. lysozome
    animal : present
    plant : absent
  3. vacuole
    animal : small and scattered (vesicles)
    plant : large and central
  4. centrioles
    animal : present
    plant : absent
  5. choroplasts
    animal : absent
    plant : present
32
Q

describe the protein secretary pathway

A
  1. ribosome bound to RER synthesises polypeptide chains into the RER
  2. protein is enclosed in an ER vesicle. ER vesicle containing the protein buds off from the RER
  3. travels and fuses with cis face of GA
  4. GA chemically modifies, sorts and transports the proteins. The proteins move through the GA by Golgi vesicles budding off from one cisterna and fusing with another.
  5. secretory vesicle containing protein buds off trans face of the GA , travels and fuses with cell membrane, hence releasing protein out of the cell.

biology (12 decks)

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