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basic immunology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

characteristics of a SIGN

A

can be OBSERVED and MEASURED (cough, rashes)

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2
Q

characteristics of a SYMPTOM

A

can be FELT and DESCRIBED (headaches, nausea)

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3
Q

what are INFECTIOUS diseases?

A

1.caused by PATHOGENS

2.can be SPREAD from ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER
(influenza, HIV, pneumococcal disease, malaria)

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4
Q

infectious diseases can be spread in what ways?

A
  1. AIRBRONE DROPLETS
    2.DIRECT CONTACT OF BODY FLUIDS
    3.CONTAMINATED FOOD/WATER
    4.DEISEASE VECTORS
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5
Q

what is a DISEASE VECTOR?

A

an ORGANISM that acts as a CARRIER OF AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE between ORGANISMS OF A DIFFERENT SPECIES.

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6
Q

what are NON INFECTIOUS DISEASES caused by?

A
  1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
  2. MALNUTRITION
  3. LIFESTYLE CHANGES
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7
Q

bacterium are what kind of cell

A

PROKARYOTES

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8
Q

what is a PROKARYOTE

A

UNICELLUAR organism WITHOUT A NUCLEUS and LACKS MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

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9
Q

genetic material of bacterium?

A

SINGLE CIRCULAR DNA

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10
Q

CELL WALL of bacterium is made of?

A

PEPITDOGLYCAN

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11
Q

other special characteristics of bacterium cell?

A
  1. small circular DNA molecules (PLASMIDS)
  2. one or more FLAGELLA
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12
Q

how do bacterial cells reproduce?

A

BINARY FISSION

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13
Q

term for STRAIGHT and ROD shaped bacteria

A

BACILLUS

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14
Q

term for SPHERICAL shaped bacteria

A

COCCUS

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15
Q

term for SPIRAL shaped bacterial

A

SPIRILLUM

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16
Q

similarities between PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES?

A

both have:
1. CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE
2. CYTOPLASM
3. RIBOSOMES
4. DNA as their ONLY genetic material

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17
Q

differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A
  1. size
  2. composition of cell wall
  3. presence of membrane bound organelles
  4. type of ribosomes
  5. location of ribosomes
  6. location of genetic material
  7. site of cellular respiration
  8. site of photosynthesis
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18
Q

size of cell?

A

prokaryotes smaller than eukaryotes

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19
Q

composition of cell wall

A

prokaryotes- peptidoglycan
eukaryotes-cellulose (plants) / chitin (fungi)

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20
Q

presence of membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryotes- absent
eukaryotes-present

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21
Q

type of ribosomes

A

prokaryotes- 70S
eukaryotes- 80S

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22
Q

location of ribosomes

A

prokaryotes- freely suspended in cytosol
eukaryotes- either found on rough ER or freely suspended in cytosol

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23
Q

location of genetic material

A

prokaryotes- DNA found in nucleoid region
eukaryotes- DNA found in nucleus

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24
Q

site of cellular respiration

A

prokaryote- cell surface membrane
eukaryote- mitochondria

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25
Q

site of photosynthesis

A

prokaryotes- photosynthetic cell surface membranes
eukaryotes- chloroplasts

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26
Q

what can pneumococcal disease cause?

A
  1. middle ear infection
  2. lung infection (pneumonia)
  3. inflammation of brain membranes
  4. inflammation of spinal cord membranes
  5. infection of blood
27
Q

what bacteria is pneumococcal disease caused by?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

28
Q

what are the MODES OF TRANSMISSION for pneumococcal disease?

A
  1. airborne droplets
    (person inhales droplets, reaches alveoli of lungs and you’re screwed)
  2. contaminated surfaces
29
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of pneumococcal disease?

A

MILD : pain, fever, swelling of affected body part
PNEUMONIA : chest pain, cough, difficulty breathing, fever

30
Q

how to DIAGNOSE pneumococcal disease?

A
  1. blood test
  2. urine test
  3. phlegm test
  4. chest x-ray
  5. spinal tap
31
Q

TREATMENT for pneumococcal disease

A
  1. antibiotics
  2. vaccination
  3. avoid close contact with infected people
  4. wear a mask
  5. wash hands frequently
  6. avoid touching nose, eyes, mouth
32
Q

what are viruses?

A

obligate intracellular parasites that can reproduce within a host cell

33
Q

why cant viruses multiply outside a living host cell?

A

lack of cellular components and metabolic enzymes to carry out metabolism and synthesize proteins

34
Q

can viruses be seen under a microscope

A

largest virus (500nm) can barely be seen under a light microscope

35
Q

living characteristics of viruses

A
  1. acquire and use energy
  2. reproduce at a very fast rate
  3. evolve through time, adapt to environment
36
Q

non-living characteristics of viruses

A
  1. no organelles
  2. cannot carry out own metabolism or synthesize proteins
  3. does not grow, move, respire, feed or excrete
37
Q

examples of viruses being host specific

A
  1. Bacteriophage only infects bacteria
  2. Influenza virus only infect epithelial cells of respiratory tract of animals
  3. HIV only infects blood cells
  4. Tobacco mosaic virus only infects plant cells
38
Q

why are viruses host specific

A

ability to interact with specific surface membrane proteins on the host cell surface membrane

39
Q

structure of a virus

A
  1. contain genetic material (DNA/RNA) enclosed within a protein coat (capsid)
  2. some viruses have enzymes within the capsid
  3. some viruses have a membranous envelope
40
Q

how does INFLUENZA infect a cell?

A
  • has a membranous envelope containing projections made out of protein, which attaches onto host cell, gaining entry
  • epithelial cells take in virus though endocytosis
41
Q

mode of transmission of INFLUENZA

A
  1. airborne droplets
  2. contact with contaminated surfaces
42
Q

signs and symptoms of INFLUENZA

A
  1. high fever between 39℃-41℃
  2. sore throat
  3. congestion
  4. dry cough (no excessive mucus)
  5. headache
43
Q

how to diagnose INFLUENZA

A
  1. signs and symptoms are present
  2. laboratory tests
44
Q

treament for influenza

A
  1. antiviral drugs (blocking the release of virions from infected cells)
  2. pain relievers to alleviate symptoms of flu
  3. vaccines
  4. same preventive measures mentioned for pneumococcal disease
45
Q

what are ANTIGENS?

A
  • surface membrane proteins found on pathogens that are recognised by leukocytes
  • bind to specific receptors on leukocyte’s cell surface membrane
46
Q

how does a white blood cell respond to recognising an ANTIGEN?

A
  • secretes antibodies
    OR
  • kills pathogen by phagocytosis
47
Q

what is an immune response

A

a mechanism used by a host to defend itself against foreign pathogens

48
Q

another term for red and white blood cells

A

red blood cell - erythrocyte
white blood cell- leukocyte

49
Q

where do blood cells arise from

A

hematopoietic stem cells found in the bone marrow

50
Q

what process gives rise to blood cells

A

hematopoiesis

51
Q

types of leukocytes (white blood cells)

A
  1. lymphocyte
  2. neutrophil
  3. macrophage
52
Q

details of a LYMPHOCYTE

A

% by volume: 20-25%
cytoplasm: few or no granules
little cytoplasm
nucleus: round

53
Q

functions of a LYMPHOCYTE

A
  • B lymphocytes mature into plasma B cells that produce and secrete antibodies OR memory B cells that provide long term immunity.
  • some memory B cells will diffrentiate into plasma B cells
54
Q

details of a NEUTROPHIL

A

% by volume: 60-70% (majority)
cytoplasm: large, pale granules containing hydrolytic enzymes
nucleus: multi-lobed

55
Q

functions of a neutrophil

A
  • engulf and destroy foreign bodies via phagocytosis
  • short lived
  • circulates the blood
56
Q

details of MACROPHAGE

A

% by volume: 4-8%
cytoplasm: few to no granules
nucleus: kidney bean shaped

57
Q

functions of a MACROPHAGE

A
  • engulf and destroy foreign bodies via phagocytosis
  • long lifespan
  • move freely, found in almost all organs and tissues
58
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

contains an agent resembling a pathogen and prevents infectious diseases by stimulating lymphocytes to quickly produce antibodies when the pathogen invades

59
Q

what is an antibody?

A
  • proteins secreted by lymphocytes that bind to specific antigens on pathogen
  • they can kill pathogen directly or mark pathogen for further destruction by macrophages and neutrophils
60
Q

mode of action of vaccines

A
  1. a vaccine, containing an antigen, enters the body
  2. antigen binds to the receptor of lymphocyte that is complementary to shape of antigen, causes lymphocyte to divide rapidly and differentiate into memory B cells and plasma B cells
  3. plasma b cells secrete large amount of antibodies into bloodstream
  4. antibodies bind onto antigen on the pathogen, either killing them or marking them for destruction by macrophages or neutrophils
  5. memory B cells remain in body and can rapidly divide or differentiate into plasma B cells during future infections of the same pathogen (immunity)
61
Q

what is an antibiotic

A

drug used to treat bacteria by interfering with the growth and metabolic activities of bacteria

62
Q

mode of action of ANTIBIOTICS

A

inhibition of:
1. SYNTHESIS OF BACTERIAL CELL WALL
prevents synthesis of peptidolycan cell wall, causes bacteria to expand, burst and die by osmosis

  1. BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION
    breaks up cell surface membrane
  2. RIBOSOME FUNCTION IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
    binds to bacterial 70s ribosome, prevents them fromsynthesizing proteins
  3. ENZYME ACTIVITY
    inhibits the enzymeneeded for synthesis of folic acid (needed for growth)
  4. DNA REPLICATION
    inhibits enzyme needed for DNA replication, preventing bacteria from dividing via binary fission
63
Q

how antibiotic resistant bacteria arise

A
  1. colony of bacteria is exposed to mutagenic agents, causing changes to genetic material, allows some bacterial cells to produce proteins that confer antibiotic resistance
  2. if amount of antibiotic is inadequate to kill the bacteria, resistant bacteria will multiply, passing down their genes for antibiotic resistance to the next generation, resulting in more resistant bacteria
  3. different or more powerful antibiotic must be used to kill these resistant bacteria.
64
Q

H

how can antibiotic resistance be reduced?

A
  1. course of antibiotics should be completed
  2. do not misuse or overuse antibiotics
  3. use antibiotics only when neccessary

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