transport in animals (topic 9)

Question 1

what does the circulatory system consist of?

Answer 1

a pump (the heart) to keep the blood moving
blood vessels to carry blood
valves to make sure that the blood flows in one direction only.

Question 2

Describe the single circulation of a fish

Answer 2

deoxygenated blood flows from heart to gills for oxygenation and then to the rest of the body as oxygenated blood and then back to the heart

Question 3

Describe the double circulation of a mammal

Answer 3

heart → lungs → heart → rest of the body → heart
In the first (shorter) circuit, the blood flows from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and then back to the heart.
In the second (longer) circuit, the blood flows from the heart to the other parts of the body and then back to the heart.

Question 4

what are the advantages of double circulation

Answer 4

higher pressurized blood
greater flow of blood
further blood can travel in body
Oxygen and glucose for respiration are supplied rapidly to the cells in the body, and waste carbon dioxide and water are removed quickly from them.
Blood can be supplied to distant parts of large animals.

Question 5

what are the structures of the heart, describe

Answer 5

septum divides left of ehart to right, thus separating deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood
muscular wall of the left side is thicker to pump blood at higher pressure
heart has 4 chambers, left and right atriums (upper chamber) and right and left ventricles (lower chamber)
one way valves where blood leaves atrium and enters ventricle and also a valve where blood leaves a ventricle
arteries carries blood away from the heart and veins into the heart

Question 6

what are the two valves present

Answer 6

A semilunar or pocket valve is found at an exit of the heart.
An atrioventricular valve is found between an atrium and a ventricle,

Question 7

describe thickness of walls in different chambers and why

Answer 7

walls of ventricles are thicker than atrium, and walls of left ventricles are thicker than right, this is due to amount of pressure the blood needs to travel a certain distance
eg. atria only pumps blood into the ventricle, ventricle pumps blood to lung or rest of body (further away)
right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs, left ventricle pumps blood to all other body organs

Question 8

what are the 4 entries and leavings of the heart

Answer 8

vena cava- blood from rest of body to heart (vein) deoxygenated blood
pulmonary artery- carries blood away from the heart towards lung (artery) deoxygenated blood
pulmonary vein- carries blood into heart from lung, oxygenated blood (vein)
aorta- carries blood from heart to rest of body, oxygenated blood (artery)

Question 9

importance of septum

Answer 9

separates deoxygenated to oxygenated blood, if there is a whole in the septum where these bloods are mixed, causes symptoms such as tiredness, especially during physical activity, shortness of breath

Question 10

how can the acitivty of the heart be monitored

Answer 10

electrocardiogram (ECG)
listening to the sounds of valves closing
determining the pulse rate.

Question 11

arteries vs veins

Answer 11

arteries carries oxygenated blood away from heart, accept pulmonary artery
veins carries deoxygenated blood into heart accept pulmonary vein

Question 12

stages in a heartbeat

Answer 12

1.Blood flows from veins into the atria.
2.The atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles. The fall in pressure in the atria causes the atrioventricular valves to close.
3.The ventricles contract, pushing blood into arteries. The fall in pressure in the ventricles causes the semilunar valves to close.

Question 13

what happens to your heart rate when excersing

Answer 13

heart rate increases because your muscle cells need more energy, energy comes from aerobic respiration
More glucose and oxygen must be supplied by the blood to the respiring muscle cells. Your heart beats faster in response, increasing the blood flow to these cells, and increasing the rate at which waste products of respiration (carbon dioxide and water) are removed

Question 14

what to coronary arteries do

Answer 14

supply blood to heart itself supply with nutrients and oxygen

Question 15

what is coronary heart disease

Answer 15

disease that happens when coronary arteries are blocked, thus unable to supply oxygen rich blood to the heart, as a result heart muscle may be damaged and die

Question 16

what are risk factors for CHD

Answer 16

age
diet
genetic predisposition (whether or not there is a family history of CHD)
gender
smoking
stress.

Question 17

how can diet and exercise affect CHD

Answer 17

consuming variety of foods, containing oils from plants and fish and reducing amount of animal fat
keeping body weight at a suitable level with regular excercise, decreases blood pressure and suitable weight obtained, also reduces stress

Question 18

structure of artery and reasoning

Answer 18

carry blood away from heart
-thick outer wall
-thick muscle wall
-smooth linning
-small lumen
to carry blood in high pressure, structure withstands this pressure, to far away organs

Question 19

structure of veins and reasoning

Answer 19

pressure much lower
thin outer layer
thin muscle layer
smooth lining
large lumen
have valves to ensure one way flow of blood

Question 20

structure of capillaries and reasoning

Answer 20

one cell thick
very small lumen
allow exchange of nutrients

Question 21

function of cappilaries

Answer 21

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels which allow the exchange of materials between the blood and body cells.

Question 22

main blood vessels of heart

Answer 22

vena cava
aorta
pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery

Question 23

main blood vessels of lungs

Answer 23

pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery

Question 24

main blood vessels of kidney

Answer 24

renal vein- away from kidney
renal artery- towards kidney

Question 25

main blood vessels of liver

Answer 25

hepatic artery- oxygentaed towards liver
hepatic vein- deoxygentated away from liver
hepatic portal vein-transports nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver, where it is processed and detoxified deoxygenated blood

Question 26

what are the components of the blood

Answer 26

red blood cells, white blood cells (lymphocytes and phagocytes), platelets and plasma

Question 27

function of plasma

Answer 27

a in the transport of blood cells, ions,
nutrients, urea, hormones and carbon dioxide

Question 28

function of plateletes

Answer 28

in clotting

Question 29

function of white blood cells

Answer 29

in phagocytosis, engulfing pathogens (phagocytes) and
antibody production (lymphocytes)

Question 30

function of red blood cells

Answer 30

in transporting oxygen,
including the role of haemoglobin

Question 31

how do you tell red blood cells, phagocytes and lymphocytes apart

Answer 31

red blood cells, are regulalry shaped and smaller than the others
phagocytes and lymphocytes have irregular shapes and are bigger
phagocytes- have more than one darker shape inside
lymphocyte- only one irregular big dark shape inside

Question 32

why is blood clotting important

Answer 32

it prevents pathogens from entering the body, prevent excessive loss of blood

Question 33

how does blood clotting happen

Answer 33

palteletes attracted to area of injury, create a mesh becoming a temporary plug
fibrinongen is converted to fibrin and froms a mesh, which traps red blood cells, platelets forming a blood clot, when it dires it creates a scab.

Question 34

how do you treat coronary heart disease

Answer 34

insert a mesh tube in artery, which opens supports artery, dilation, cather with balloon inserted into artery, by- pass, aspirin

Question 35

coronary arteries

Answer 35

supply blood to the heart itself branch from the aorta to supply blood to the heart, surrounds heart, constant supply of oxygen nutrients

Question 36

CHD

Answer 36

coronary artery gets blocked, cardiac muscle depend on it cannot produce enough energy for contraction, as a result heart muscle will be damaged and may die, because of the loss of blood supply.