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biology igcse > sexual reproduction in humans > Flashcards

sexual reproduction in humans Flashcards

1
Q

scrotum

A

sac enclosing the testes outside of body, for protection and enusres proper temp is kept in testicles for sperm production (head of sperm contains enzymes sensitive to temp)

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2
Q

testes

A

production of sperm cells (by meiosis) and testesterone (male hormone, use primarly for sperm production and secondary penis enlargement, voic, body hair etc)

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3
Q

penis

A

erectile tissue and spongy muscle fills with blood when men is sexually arroused, to be inserted in vagina

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4
Q

urethra

A

releases urine from urinary bladder for exrection and during ejaculation releases semen

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5
Q

sperm duct

A

where sperm pass to urethra

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6
Q

prostate gland

A

lubrification secreted for semen, fluid rich in sucrose sperm cells use as source of energy (aerobic respiraation))

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7
Q

vesicle

A

nourishing secretion for semen (releases alkaline fluid in order to neutralize vaginas acidity)

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8
Q

vulva

A

external female genitalia that surrounds the opening to the vagina and the urethra

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9
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube where blood is released ou of body during menstruation, semen is diposited during sexual inntercourse and passegeway for natural child birth

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10
Q

cervix

A

muscular opening for uterus acts as a barrier against sperm cell, opens when a women is ovulating so it increases chance of fertilisation

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11
Q

uterus

A

muscular organ where mebryo implants, foetus grows and further contracts during birth/ labor so the baby is delivered

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12
Q

oviduct/ fallopian tube

A

tube that moves follicle cells from ovary to uterus by peristlsis and cilliated cells, usual site for fertilisation

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13
Q

ovary

A

production of egg cells, estrogen and progsterone (hormone involved primarly in follicle production and secondarly breast development, hip enlargment, body hair etc)

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14
Q

parts in male reproductive system

A

scrotum, testes, penis, urethra, spermduct, prostate gland, vesicle

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15
Q

parts in female reproductive system

A

vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct, ovary

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16
Q

size of sperm vc egg

A

egg 5x bigger than sperm

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17
Q

where is sperm and eggs produced

A

sperm in testes, eggs in ovaries

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18
Q

when does production of sperm and eggs start

A

sperm during puberty due to testosterone
and eggs in embryonic phase due to FSH AND LH girls born with all follicle cells to be used through her life

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19
Q

when does production of sperm and eggs finish

A

sperm in death (no testosterone released)
eggs in menopause (decrease in LH and oestrogen levels)

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20
Q

movement of eggs vc sperm

A

sperm, mobile tail enables movement
eggs, not mobile (moves due to perstalisis, involuntary muscle contraction in oviduct and cilliated cells)

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21
Q

ploidy of sperm vc egg

A

sperm and egg haploid (n)

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22
Q

numbers of cells produced eggs vs sperm

A

sperm, millions per ejaculation, and egg only one follicle per menstrual cycle

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23
Q

what area of sperm responsible for fertilisaiton

A

head, only heat of sperm penetrates inside follicle membrane nucleus of head with fuse with follicle nucleus

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24
Q

in sperm cells, mitochnodria

A

important for aerobic cellular resipration, releases of energy for movement

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25
in sperm cells, tail/flagellum
movement
26
in sperm cells, nucleus
haploid
27
in sperm cells, acrosome
region with many digestive enxymes that break down the jelly coat present in the follicle
28
in egg cell, jelly coat
layer surrounding plasma membrane changes stiffness when sperm cell penetrates/digests it. flexible layer becomes hard like barrier, avoiding penetration of multiple sperms, to avoid polyspermy.
29
parts in an egg cell
cytoplasm, jelly coat, follicle cells, nucleus
30
parts in a sperm cell
acrosome, nucleus, centriole, midpiece (mitochondria), flagellum, plasm membrane
31
nuclues of egg
contains the mother’s DNA that will fuse with the father’s contained in the sperm’s nucleus
32
cytoplasm of egg
contains energy stores to allow the egg to survive for several days and to nourish the zygote if fertilisation occurs, until it can implant in the wall of the uterus.
33
jelly coat of egg
allows the sperm to attach and also creates a barrier to other sperm cells once one has successfully penetrated it and entered the egg cell.
34
layer of follicle cells
attached to the egg helps to nourish the egg during its journey.
35
what is fertilisation
the fusion of the nucleus from a male gamete (sperm) and the nucleus from a female gamete (egg cell) to form a zygote. Sperm cells and egg cells are adapted to their functions.
36
what happens to reach fertilisation
man penisis erect, enters vagina, releases semen, sperm swim up vagina through cervix into uterus and along oviduct, majority sperm dies in journey, only one fertlises egg, barrier formed in egg to prevent more than one sperm fertilising it.
37
what happens between fertilisation and implantantation
enzymes break down jelly coat layer of egg and sperm enters the egg, sperm fertilizes egg and they fuse to form a diploid zygote zygote divides by mitosis to produce identical cells uitl it forms a blastocyst (32 cells) the blastocyst implants itself to the uterus lining to form the placente, umbilical cord, and embryo
38
what are the processes of fertilizationt to lead to pregnany
ovulation (egg is released from the ovary to oviduct), fertilisation(fusion of male and female haploid nucleus to create a diploid zygote), mitosis(zygote divides by mitosis to produce idential cells until it forms a blastocsyt (32 identical cells)), implantation(blastocyst attaches to the endometruim (uterus lining))
39
when is the embryo called a fetus
after 8 weeks
40
what is the amnotic sac
the foetus is surrounded by the amniotic sac, a membrane that ecloses the amnioic fluid, a protective layer
41
what is the amniotic fluid
contains nutrients (carbs, fats and proteins), neeed by the foetus, helps to protect foetus against, mechanical shock, drying out and temperature change
42
how long does an egg survive
8-24 hours
43
how does the egg cell move
swept by the cilloiated cells in oviduct and also by perstalisis towards the uterus
44
when must fertilisation occur for it to be succesful
3-4 days around time of ovulation
45
what happens once sperm reaches egg
the acrosome secretes enzymes which allows it to burrown through the jelly coat around the egg, sperm head then disconnets with its flagellum and sperms cell membrane then fuse with eggs plasma membrane, reuclues falsing haploid nucleus into cytophaploid nlasm of egg, when sperm nucleus and eggs haploid nucleus fuse, fertilisation happens, producing a diplois zygote
46
what happens during implantation
zygote starts dividing by mitosis as it travles down uterus, zygote will become ball of cells called blastocyst (32 CELLS) considered an embryo, when embryo reaches the uterus it will attach to the endometrium this is called implantation, some cells from embryo form the placenta and embryo starts to develop
47
what does umbilical vein carry
oxygen from mothers blood towards baby
48
what does umbilical artery carry
deoxyginated blood carries co2 from baby towards mother
49
maternal vein carry
deoxygenated blood which removes co2 and waste products away from baby
50
maternal artery
carry oxygenated blood sends oxygen and nutrients towards the baby
51
what is the intervillous space
part of placenta that surround the villi and contains maternal blood: has very low pressure so exchange of materials is constantly done
52
what is the placenta membrane
very thin memebrane that allows diffusion to take place, there is very close contact between material and baby blood (however they dont mix importnat to avoid coagulation of the different blood types between baby and other main function of placenta is diffuson
53
respiration in foetus
placenta allows the diffusion of oxygen from mother to foetus and co2 from baby to mother
54
excretion in foetus
placenta allows diffusion of waste products producedby baby eg lactic acid , urea and bicarbonates
55
nutrition in foetus
placenta allows diffusion of glucose vitamins and minerals from mother and foetus
56
immunity in foetus
mothers antibodies pass to baby
57
hormonal in foetus
placenta releases 3 hormones t maintain pregnancy HCG OESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE
58
placenta everyhing about summary
has finger like projections called villi, provide large and thin surface area to alow effiiceniency of material exchange needed for nutrition, excretion, short term immunity, provides barrier to toxins and pathogens (alchol and rubells virus can pass throguh placenta), secretes hormones
59
why is backbone important
to provide protection against jolts and mixing of blood
60
what does umbilical cord do
transfer of materials from placenta to and from baby
61
how long is one menstrual cycle
20-30 days
62
on which day of menstrual cycle does the period start
1 st day
63
on which day of menstrual cycle is egg released from ovary
half of how long menstrual cycle is
64
what happens to lining of uterus if egg not fertilised
it sheds during menstraution
65
does women have period when pregnant
no, no need to release egg to be fertilised, embryo developing in uterus lining
66
how long dos period last in 28 day cycle
average 5 3-7 days
67
what 4 hormones control the menstrual cycle
FSH,LH, oestrogen and progesterone
68
what releases the FSH and LH
pituitary gland
69
what releases oestrogen and progesterone
ovary
70
what do each hormone target
FSH and LH ovary, and oestrogen and progesterone endometrium
71
what does FSH do
stimulate growth and development of mature egg in ovary
72
what does LH do
stimulates ovulation and development of corpus luteum
73
what does oestrogen do
builds up the endometrium after menstruation
74
what does progesterone do
thickens the endometrium after ovulation
75
how does the regulation of hormone happen
positive and negative feedback
76
how does each hormone interact with each other
fsh stimulates oestrogen which stimulates LH which stimulates progesterone progesterone inhibits LH and FSH
77
what is the 1st phase
menstruation, endometrium sheds, relasing the conetents, blood vessles, tissue and cells, throguh the vafine FSH released stimulating growth and maturation of 1 egg
78
what is the 2nd phase
follicular phase, follicles surrouding and nourishong egg, stimulates grow and. ature. oestrogen released by ovary in response to FSH causing endomtrium to rebuild
79
what is 3rd phase
ovulation, oestrogen stimulatrs release of LH from the pituitary gland, causes the release of egg from follcile to oviduct, empty follicle is called corpus luteum
80
4th phase
thickening phase, corpus uteum releases progesterone cuasing endometrium to thicken for implantation
81
what happens if egg is not fertilised
coprus luteum is degenerated, levels of progesterone fall, menstruation happens
82
what happens if egg is fertilised
blastocyst releases horome that stimulates the mainanence of corpus luteum, therefore levels of progesterone are kept hight during all preganacy so endometrium doesnt shed

biology igcse (25 decks)

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