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Biology A level > transport in animals > Flashcards

transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a double circulatory system?

A

the blood flows through the heart twice for one circuit of the body

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2
Q

what is a single circulatory system?

A

the blood flows through the heart once for one circuit of the body

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3
Q

what is transport?

A

the movement of substances

e.g. oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste and heat

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4
Q

what are the three main factors that effect the need for a transport system?

A
  • size
  • surface area to volume ratio
  • level of metabolic activity
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5
Q

what are the features of a good transport system?

A
  • a fluid to carry nutrients, oxygen and wastes(this is the blood)
  • a pump to push all of the above around the body(the heart)
  • exchange surfaces (the capillaries)
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6
Q

what organisms have a single circulatory system?

A

-fish

heart –> gills –> body –> heart

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7
Q

what organisms have a double circulatory system?

A

-mammals

heart–> body–> heart–> lungs–> heart

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8
Q

what are arteries?

A

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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9
Q

what are arterioles?

A

small blood vessels that distribute blood from the arteries to the capillaries

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10
Q

what are capillaries?

A

small vessels with very thin walls

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11
Q

what is a closed circulatory system?

A

blood is held in the vessels

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12
Q

what is an open circulatory system?

A

blood is not in vessels

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13
Q

what is a vein?

A

vessels that carry blood towards the heart

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14
Q

what are venules?

A

small vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and lead into the veins

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15
Q

what are the disadvantages of an open circulatory system?

A
  • blood pressure is low and flow is slow

- circulation of blood may be effected by body movements

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16
Q

what are the advantages of a closed circulatory system?

A
  • higher pressure, so blood flows quicker
  • more rapid delivery of o2 and nutrients
  • more rapid removal of waste
  • transport is independent of body movements
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17
Q

what is the structure of the artery?

A
  • lumen is small
  • thick layer of smooth muscle
  • relatively thick layer of collagen and elastic tissue
18
Q

what is the structure of a capillary?

A
  • lumen very narrow
  • the wall is one cell thick (endothelium)
  • walls are leaky
19
Q

what is the structure of a capillary?

A
  • lumen is relatively large
  • thinner layers of collagen, elastic tissue and smooth muscle in comparison to arteries
  • contain valves
20
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure?

A

the pressure that fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel

21
Q

what is lymph?

A

the fluid held in the lymphatic system which is a system of tubes that returns excess tissue fluid to the blood system.

22
Q

what is oncotic pressure?

A

the pressure created by osmotic effects of the solutes.

23
Q

draw the movement of tissue fluid.

A

See page 191 in OCR AS/A-level biology textbook

24
Q

what are atrioventricular valves?

A

valves between the atria and the ventricles

25
Q

what is cardiac muscle?

A

specialised muscle found in the walls of hear chambers

26
Q

what are semi-lunar valves?

A

valves that prevent blood from re entering the heart from the arteries

27
Q

what are coronary arteries?

A

supply oxygenated blood to the heart

28
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

left and right ventricle/atria

29
Q

what are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • ventricular systole
  • diastole
  • atrial systole
30
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

slow heart rhythm

31
Q

what is an ectopic heartbeat?

A

an extra beat or an early beat of the ventricles

32
Q

what is an electrocardiogram?

A

a trace that records the electrical activity of the heart.

33
Q

what is myogenic muscle?

A

muscle that can initiate its own contraction

34
Q

what is affinity?

A

a strong attraction

35
Q

what is dissociation?

A

releasing oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin

36
Q

draw a graph to show the partial pressure of o2 and the percentage saturation with oxygen for both fetal and adult haemoglobin.

A

see page 199

37
Q

what is carbonic anhydrase?

A

the enzyme that catalyses the combination of co2 and water

38
Q

what is the chloride shift?

A

the movement of chloride ions into erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogen carbonate ions leave the cell

39
Q

what is the Bohr effect?

A

the effect that CO2 has on haemoglobin, explaining the release of more O2

40
Q

what is haemoglobinic acid?

A

the compound formed by the buffering action of haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions.

Biology A level (25 decks)

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