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A A A Level Biology > Transport in Animals 3.1.2 > Flashcards

Transport in Animals 3.1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

1

Describe what happens during late diastole+ atrial systole

A
  • AV valves open
  • Semi Lunar closed
  • Passive Filling of followed by atrial systole

(blood flows passively from atria»>ventricles
causes muscles in atria to contract PRESSURE INCREASES)

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2
Q

2

Describe what happens during isometric contraction and Ventricular Systole

A
  • AV valves close at end of atrial systole
  • All valves closed as the ventricular muscles contract without shortening (Isometric Contraction)
  • Chordae Tendinae pulled tort to prevent blowback of of valves when Ventricular pressure rises
  • Pressure Builds in ventricles
  • Volume decreases
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3
Q

3

Describe what happens during ventricular systole (ejection)

A

MAIN

  • pressure builds in ventricles
  • semi lunar open and blood ejected to aorta and pulmonary artery
  • muscles shorten as they contract
  • Pressure in aorta rises
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4
Q

4

Describe what happens during ventricular relaxation/diastole

A

-semi lunar valves close as ventricles begin to relax
-pressure in ventricles falls
-AV valves open
CYCLE STARTS AGAIN

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5
Q

Describe the function of papillary muscles

A
  • contract as wave of excitation spreads through ventricular myocardium
  • tighten the chordae tendinae before ventricles contract
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6
Q

What are the 3 stages of the heart cycle

A

atrial systole
ventricular systole
diastole

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7
Q

what does an oxygen dissociation curve show

A

a graphical representation of the behaviour of haemoglobin at different partial pressures(concentrations) of oxygen
- has a sigmoidal shape

partial pressure/ % saturation

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8
Q

why do haem groups join more easily to oxygen after the first join

A

combination of first haem group with an oxygen molecule increases the affinity of the second haem group for oxygen
(allostery)

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9
Q

Describe the Bohr shift if there’s more CO2

A
  • more shift to right
  • more oxygen it delivers
  • less reliance on anaerobic
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10
Q

describe the featires+ structure of haemoglobin

A
  • Quaternery structure of protein (conjugated)
  • 4 subunits per molecule (4 polypeptide chains)
  • Iron Fe2+ in ferrous state and binds with single molecule of oxygen
  • 2 alpha and 2 beta
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11
Q

describe the changes to valves + chambers during late diostole

A

all chambers relaxed
av open
semi lunar closed

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12
Q

what happens during passive filling

A

blood flows passively from atria through open AV valves into ventricles
ventricles stretch to accomodate extra volume of blood

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13
Q

What percentage of ventricle capacity is full in passive filling

A

70%

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14
Q

what is the structure and function of the myocardium

A

-cardiac muscle+ interclated discs + separate muscle fibres&raquo_space;»strengthen muscle tissure + aid impulse conduction

  • lots of mitochondria for rapid aerobic respiration
  • myogenic= generates own excitory impulse
  • long refractory period- eliminates cardiac fatigue
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15
Q

Describe the size and shape of the vein

A

lumen- oval shaped smaller in comp
tunica intima small
tunica media small
tunica externa larger

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16
Q

name the muscle in walls of heart chambers

A

cardiac muscle

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17
Q

name the process that creates pressure in heart chambers

A

systole

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18
Q

How can you treat a patient with narrowing arteries

A

preventing clotting with bypass operation

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19
Q

describe the structure and function of the left ventricle

A

thick walls

generates pressure to force blood into the systematic circulation

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20
Q

describe the structure and function of the chordae tendinae

A
  • short inextensible fibres composed of collegen
  • these connect to free edges of AV valves to prevent blow back of valves when ventricular pressure rises during myocardium contraction
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21
Q

what is the function of the right venrticle

A

generates pressure to pump deoxygenated blood to pulmonary circulation

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22
Q

what is the function of the aortic semi- lunar valve

A

prevents backflow from aorta to left ventricle

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23
Q

what is the function of the bicuspid valve/ left atrioventricular valve

A

ensures blood flow from left ventricle into aortic arch

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24
Q

what is a refractory period

A

interval between two consecutive effective excitory impulses

25
Q

describe the structure and function of the aorta

A
  • carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle into systemic circulation
  • has elastic conducting artery +larger lumen which allows wall of aorta to accomodate the surges of blood
  • as ventricles contract artery expands + when relax elastic recoil of artery forces blood onwards
26
Q

what initiates the heartbeat

A

sino- atrial node

an excitable myogenic tissue in the wall of the right atrium

27
Q

average intrinsic heart rate?

A

78bpm

28
Q

which extrinsic factors may modify basic heart rate

A
  • vagus nerve decreases heart rate
  • accelerator sympathetic nerve increases heart rate
  • adrenaline + thyroxine increase heart rate
29
Q

describe the structure and function of the tricuspid

/ right AV valve

A
  • 3 fibrous flaps w/ pointed ends
  • flaps pushed together when ventricular pressure exceeds the atrial pressure so blood is propelled through pulmonary artery (instead of back to atrium)
30
Q

-describe the structure and function of superior vena cava

A
  • carry deoxygenated blood back to right atrium of heart

- no venous valves in contrast to veins returning blood from below heart

31
Q

how are capillaries adapted for their function

A

large s.a
walls single endotheial cell thick
cross section area larger than artiriole supplying them so descreases blood flow rate allows more time for material to exchange between walls

32
Q

Everything to know about capillaries

A
  • link arterioles with venules
  • red blood cells travel single file
  • substance exchange through cell wall
  • gaps between endothelial cells relatively large so substances pass out to fluid
  • tight juctions
  • blood enters oxygenated + leaves less oxygen ore CO2
33
Q

what is significant about cardiac muscle

A

contracts and relaxes in regular rhythm and doesnt need to rest unlike skeletal muscle

34
Q

which blood vessel suppies the cardiac muscle with oxygen

A

coronary artery supplies oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle to keep it contracting and relaxing all the time

35
Q

which membrane surrounds the cardiac muscle

A

inelastic pericardial membranes

36
Q

which side of the heart does desoxygenated blood travel through

A

right side

37
Q

where does the deoxygenated blood enter

A

superior vena cava

38
Q

where does the deoxygenated blood leave

A

the pulmonary artery

39
Q

where does oxygenated blood enter and leave the heart

A

enters through pulmonary vein and leaves via the aorta

40
Q

what happens as the right ventricle starts contracting

A

the tricuspid valve closes preventing the backflow of blood

41
Q

what do the tenidinous chords do

A

make sure valves arent turned inside out by the pressure

42
Q

what does the septum

A

inner dividing wall of heart which prevents mixing of deoxygenated blood and oxgenated blood

43
Q

what are arterioles

A

link arteries and capillaries

44
Q

describe features of arterioles

A

more smooth muscle
less elastin
little pulse surge
contract and dilate to control blood flow into individual organs

45
Q

descibe vasoconstriction in smooth muscle

A

when smooth muscle contracts it constricts vessel and prevents blood flowing into capillary bed

46
Q

what do arteries do

A

carry blood away from heart to tissue

exception of heart&raquo_space;> lungs and umbrial artery fetus to placenta

47
Q

areries are at higher pressure than veins

how are they adapted for this

A

walls elastic fibres smooth muscle and collegen

this enables them to withstand force of blood pumped out of heart + stretch to larger volume of blood
HIGHER PRESSURE

48
Q

how are veins adapted for their functions

A
  • between contractions they recoil to origional length to even out surges of blood when heart contracts
  • endothelium smooth so blood flows easily
49
Q

list some characteristics of veins

A
  • dont have pulse as surges from heart are lost
  • carry blood TO heart deoxygenated except pulmonary
  • little elastic fibre
  • medium sized have valves to prevent backflow
  • large resovoir of blood + low pressure
50
Q

what happens when veins contract

A

blood forced towards heart
valves prevent backflow

breathing can change the pressure

51
Q

what are venules

A
  • join capillaries to veins (deoxygenated)
  • very thin walls
  • little elastic muscle
  • several link to form a vein
52
Q

what happens to bigger veins when muscles contacts

A

squeeze veins forcing blood towards the heart

when relaxed the valves prevent backflow

53
Q

why are transport systems needed

A

high metabollic rate
low s.a to volume ratio
transporting molecules such as hormones, waste products, enzymes and products of digestion

54
Q

define what is meant by an open circulatory system

A

consists of heart that pumps a fluid called haemolymph trough short vessels and into large cavity called haemocoel
as abdomin contracts heart contracts

55
Q

what is meant by a closed circulatory system

A

blood contained and transported through blood vessles

away from body tissues in continuous circulation pattern

56
Q

what is menat by single circulatory system

A

pumps by heart
blood is oxygenated via gills
delivers oxygen to tissues
1 circuit

57
Q

what is meant by double circulatory system

A

in mammals
consists of heart lungs and body
blood is pumped twice through heart in one circuit

58
Q

describe the structure and function of the semi lunar/ pulmonary valve

A

3 cusps/ flaps which are forced together when pressure in pulmonary artery exceeds that of the pressure in right ventricle to prevent backflow

59
Q

describe how the action of the heart is initiated and co-ordinated

A

1) wave of electrical excitation from sino atrial node spreads over atrial muscle cells causing atrial systole
2) AV node picks up electrical excitation and conducts to apex of ventricles where it is conducted by bundle of his made from purkinje fibres
3) when electrical excitation reaches bundle of his it causes a delay at AVN which causes ventricles to contract from apex causing ventricular systole

diastole relaxes and causes repolarisiation

A A A Level Biology (22 decks)

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