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A A A Level Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 stages of respiration?

A

1) glycolysis (in cytoplasm)
2) Link Reaction in mitochondrial matrix
3) Krebs cycle mitochondrial matrix
4) ETC cristae of mitochondria

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2
Q

what do aerobic prokaryotes use their cell membrane for

A

to perform oxidative phosphorylation which uses oxygen

in anaerobic only glycolysis is produced

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3
Q

what is the function of the outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

contains transport proteins that enable the shuttling of pyruvate from the cytosol

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4
Q

what is the function of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

contains the ETC and ATP synthase for oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

what is the function of the cristae on the inner membrane?

A

arranged in folds to increase the SA:V ratio

more space for ETC

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6
Q

what is the function of the interembrane space

A

membranes maximises hydrogen gradient upon proton accumulation

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7
Q

what is the function of the matrix

A

cavity that contains appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Krebs cycle to occur.

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8
Q

why is the intermembrane space very small?

A

maximises more rapid generation of a proton motive force/ quickly accumulate protons

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9
Q

what does the matrix contain

A

appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Krebs cycle

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10
Q

In Glycolysis:

what is the reactant

A

glucose (6C compound)

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11
Q

In Glycolysis:
ATP reacts with glucose to make an unstable compound which immediately spilts into what?
and what is the name of the unstable 6C compound
(phosphorylation)

A

hexose bisphosphate is unstable

splits into 2 3C molecules called triosphosphate

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12
Q

what is the ATP molecule at the start of glycolysis acting as

A

a coenzyme (carries a group)

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13
Q

what are the products of glycolysis

A

x2 ATP
x2 NADH+ H+
x2 Pyruvate

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14
Q

what is the phosphorylation stage of glycolysis

A

hexose sugar is phosphorylated by two molecules of ATP. this forms hexose bisphosphate which is less stable and more reactive.
this prevents diffusion out of cell
ATP primes the process

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15
Q

what is the lysis stage of glycolysis

A

the hexose bisphosphate 6C sugar is split and further phosphorylation occurs from inorganic phosphate ions (P i) (in the cytosol)
two triose phosphates 3C sugars formed

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16
Q

what is the oxidation/dehydrogenation phase of glycolysis

A

the 3rd stage of glycolysis
hydrogen atoms are removed from the 3C sugars via oxidation/dehydrogenation to reduce NAD+ to NADH(H+)
x2 NADH produced in total from the two triose phosphates

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17
Q

what is the ATP formation stage of glycolysis

A

some energy released from sugar intermediates is used to directly synthesise ATP
this is called substrate level phosphorylation
x4 molecules ATP made during glycolysis

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18
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation

A

doesnt use oxygen but uses substrate glucose instead
bonds are providing the energy for reaction, (not from protons being pumped across a membrane through a ATP synthase pump)

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19
Q

what is the net gain of ATP after glycolysis

A

2 as 4 are made but 2 were used at the start

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20
Q

availability of oxygen affects what happens to the pyruvate following glycolysis:
if aerobic…..
if anaerobic….

A

aerobic- aerobic respiration continues and further ATP production continues (34 ATP)
anaerobic respiration/fermentation occurs no ATP is produced (pyruvate without oxygen)

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21
Q

where does the link reaction occur in prokaryotes

A

cytoplasm and eventually moves to membrane

22
Q

what is the process that occurs in the Link reaction

A

oxidative decarboxylation

the link reaction is the first aerobic stage in aerobic respiration

23
Q

how does pyruvate get from the cytosol into the mitochondiral matrix?

A

by active transport via carrier proteins on the membrane

24
Q

when oxygen is available what does it cause in the link reaction

A

further oxidation of the sugar molecules for a greater yield of ATP

25
Q

what is removed from the pyruvate in the link reaction and what does it form

what happens to this product

A

Carbon atom removed
forms CO2`

diffused away as metabolic waste or used by autotrophs in photosynthesis

26
Q

how many carbon atoms remain in link reaction after CO2 removed

A

2C which forms an acetyl group

27
Q

what is removed in the link reaction by oxidation involving the acetyl group
what is the product of this

A

Acetyl group loses a hydrogen atom

this reduces NAD+ to NADH + H+

28
Q

how is acetyl coenzyme A formed and what does it do

A

the acetyl group combines with coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA

29
Q

how many times does the link reaction occur and why

A

twice

as it occurs once per molecule of glucose formed in glycolysis (two pyruvate are formed from glycolysis)

30
Q

what is the Krebs Cycle aka

A

the citric acid cycle

31
Q

where does the Krebs cycle occur

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

32
Q

how is a 6C molecule made at the start of the krebs cycle

A

acetyl CoA loses its acetyl group which becomes citrate

coenzyme A is released and can be returned to the link reaction

33
Q

what are the different reactions in the Krebs cycle

A

decarboxylation - two carbon atoms are released to form two molecules of CO2

oxidation - reactions result in reduction of hydrogen carriers (3x NADH+H+ ; 1x FADH2)

substrate level phosphorylation - one molecule of ATP produced directly

34
Q

what are the products of the Krebs cycle

A

x4 CO2
x2 ATP
x6 NADH+ H+
x2 FADH2

35
Q

why does the Krebs cycle occur twice

A

because two molecules of acetyl CoA produced in link reaction (one from each pyruvate)

36
Q

the Krebs cycle includes an addition of a 2C molecule to a _C molecule

A

4C

the 2C is the acetyl group and they join to form a 6C molecule

37
Q

what is the function of NAD and FAD

A

to carry electrons from one enzyme controlled reaction to another

38
Q

which coenzymes are involved in respiration?

A

CoA
ATP
NAD
FAD

39
Q

which of NAD/FAD is only involved in the Krebs cycle

A

FAD

NAD in all stages

40
Q

which one of NAD/FAD accepts two hydrogens?

A

FAD

NAD accepts 1 hydrogen

41
Q

which one of NAD/FAD is oxidised at the start of the electron transport chain

A

NAD

FAD is oxidised further along

42
Q

which one of NAD/FAD produces 2 ATP

A

FAD

NAD produces 3

43
Q

which reaction does the ETC cause in terms of ATP

A

allows ATP production by chemiososmosis

ETC releases the energy stored within the reduced hydrogen carriers (NAD and FAD) to synthesise ATP
this is called OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

(energy from hydrogen carriers synthesises ATP)

44
Q

The steps of Oxidative Phosphorylation

A
  • proton pumps create an electrochemical gradient
  • ATP synthase uses the diffusion of protons(chemiosmosis) to produce ATP
  • oxygen accepts electrons and protons and forms water
45
Q

what is the purpose of the final electron acceptor

A

needed at the end of the ETC so oxygen needed for other processes can happen
the final electron acceptor is oxygen
it:
»»prevents the chain getting blocked by removing de-energised electrons
»»also binds with free protons/hydrogen to form water removing matrix protons to maintain a hydrogen gradient

46
Q

in the absense of oxygen what stops aerobic respiration being able to occur

A

hydrogen carriers cannot transfer energised electrons to the ETC and ATP production is halted
(no electron acceptor so ETC chain stops)
»>this means everything after glycolysis stops

47
Q

what is cytochrome C

A

a component of the ETC

the haem group of it accepts electrons from bq1 complex and transfers to complex IV

48
Q

what is the function of complex IV / enzyme cytochrome c oxidase

A

large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and the mitochondrion of eukaryotes

last enzyme in the respiritory ETC

49
Q

as the electrons pass through the ETC they ____energy which is used to….

A

lose

to pump protons/ H+ from the matrix

50
Q

what process do protons move back into the matrix from the intermembrane space

A

proton motive force

A A A Level Biology (22 decks)

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