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transport in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

explain the need for a transport system in an animal

A

SIZE- the cells are further away from the surface therefore the diffusion distance is increased so rate increased and is too slow and outer layers will use up supplies.
SA:VOL- larger animals have a smaller SA:VOL so gases required for volume can’t be supplied through diffusion as the surface area for exchange is too small
METABOLIC- animals are active so release energy food from respiration which requires lots of oxygen for movement energy

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2
Q

define the term single circulatory system

A

blood flows through the heart once for each circuit of the body

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3
Q

what is an advantage of the double circulation system?

A

blood made to flow quicker from increasing blood pressure by the heart and maintained in the systemic circulation

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4
Q

define the term double circulatory system

A

blood flows through heart twice for each circuit of the body. pulmonary - carries blood to lungs
systemic - round body

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5
Q

define the term closed circulation

A

blood is transported and stays in blood vessels

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6
Q

what is the only layer in a capillary and what is it’s function ?

A

endothelium, reduces diffusion distance and walls are leaky to allow substances to leave the blood

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7
Q

what is the process of open circulation ?

A

blood enters heart-like muscle through Ostia then pumps blood toward the head by peristalsis then pours into body cavities, bodily movements will effect the circulation

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8
Q

what type of circulation does a fish, mammal and insect have ?

A

closed single, closed double, open

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9
Q

what are 5 disadvantages of the open circulatory system ?

A

blood is at low pressure so flows slowly, circulation may be effected by lack of body movements, can’t rely on blood to transport nutrients round, steep diffusion gradient can’t be maintained, volume of blood flowing to certain tissues can’t be varied upon need

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10
Q

define the term open circulatory

A

blood is not transported I’m blood vessels and flows throughout the bodily cavity so that tissues are bathed in blood

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11
Q

in an artery which tissue has the biggest layer and what is the purpose of this ?

A

smooth muscle, maintain shape, to keep the lumen open allow blood through, and pressure

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12
Q

what tissues are present in order from in to out in an artery ?

A

endothelium, smooth muscle, collogen

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13
Q

explain which blood vessel has the smallest lumen?

A

artery, to maintain high pressure

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14
Q

what tissues are present in order from in to out in an vein ?

A

endothelium, smooth muscle, elastic fibres and collagen

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15
Q

what is the purpose of the collagen in the blood vessel walls ?

A

reinforce walls so they don’t break under pressure and loose shape from high pressure in arteries.
thin layer in the vein due to it not being at as high of a pressure

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16
Q

what are the purpose of the elastin fibres in blood vessels ?

A

helps vessel expand upon a pump of the heart and recoil to push blood around body and maintain pressure, larger in arteries than veins

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17
Q

how can blood be moved up the leg be skeletal muscles ?

A

walls of vein are thin so can be flattened by surrounding skeletal muscles contracting which applies pressure to blood because it decreases the volume of the lumen and therefore forcing blood to move

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18
Q

what are the 6 layers of the heart wall? inner -outer

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium

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19
Q

explain what layer of the heart wall is the thickest ?

A

myocardium, mostly cardiac muscle, thick layer as it is required to contract the heart

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20
Q

what is the role of the epicardium?

A

reduces friction

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21
Q

what is the role of the pericardial cavity ?

A

secretes pericardial fluid to aid beating movement and reduce friction

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22
Q

what is the role of the (fibrous) pericardium ?

A

protects heart from over expansion and infection

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23
Q

how are muscle fibres connected to each other?

A

connections called intercalated discs

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24
Q

define the term myogenic

A

contracts without external stimulation so therefore can beat in a regular rhythm and never tires

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25
Q

state the difference between blood plasma and tissue fluid in what they carry

A

plasma - many blood cells (red, white), dissolved substances, and platelets and flows in vessels
tissue fluid - plasma but no blood cells or platelets or large plasma proteins, surrounds cells

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26
Q

state how tissue fluid is formed (1mark)

A

plasma leaking from capillaries

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27
Q

explain the process of how plasma is forced out of the capillary

A

when an artery reacts a capillary it has a higher hydrostatic pressure than oncotic pressure which results in a net movement of blood pressure out of the capillary into surrounding tissue

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28
Q

what is the function of blood plasma?

A

surround cell to allow exchange of gases and nutrients across plasma membranes of cells

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29
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure?

A

pressure exerted by blood on vessel wall

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30
Q

where is the hydrostatic pressure highest and the value?

A

arteriole end 4.6Kpa

31
Q

what is oncotic pressure ?

A

tendency of water to move into blood from tissue fluid by osmosis

32
Q

where is the oncotic pressure the highest? and give a value

A

constant throughout the capillary, 3.3 Kpa

33
Q

what is the filtration pressure?

A

hydrostatic - oncotic pressure

34
Q

state which pressure is highest at the arteriole end and net movement

A

hydrostatic pressure>oncotic therefore moves out of capillary

35
Q

state which pressure is highest at the veinous end

A

oncotic> hydrostatic therefore moves into capillary

36
Q

explain the process when oncotic pressure > hydrostatic at veinous end

A

most tissue fluid will drain back into the capillary again through fenestrations, however, 10% will drain into the lymphatic system

37
Q

state the role of the lymphatic system

A

drains excess tissue fluid out of the tissues to blood system via subclavian vein

38
Q

what does lymph contains

A

similar composition to tissue fluid but have more lymphocytes because they are produced at the lymph nodes

39
Q

what is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A

fibres that branch producing cross bridges, lots of mitochondria between myofibrils, muscle cells are separated by interpolated discs, the nucleus of each cells is divided into contractile units called sarcomeres

40
Q

how does structure of muscle cells relate to its function ?

A

cross bridges - help spread stimulus around heart and ensure the muscle can produce a squeezing action and not just a reduction in length.
intercalated discs - facilitate synchronised contraction

41
Q

what is diastole ?

A

relaxation

42
Q

what is systole?

A

contraction

43
Q

describe the process of atria filling up

A

as blood enters the atria, the pressure increases as blood fills, ventricles in diastole

44
Q

describe the process of atrial systole

A

atria walls contract to reduce the volume and therefore increasing pressure even higher. pressure is now higher in the atria than ventricles so AV valve opens the let blood flow down passively through gravity

45
Q

describe the process of ventricular systole

A

ratio relax, vatical walls contract and therefore reducing volume and increasing pressure. the AV valve is now shut to stop back flow as pressure Is higher in the V compared to the A. Semi-lunar valves open as pressure is higher in the V than artery so blood flows into the artery

46
Q

describe ventricular diastole

A

walls of V relax below that of the artery, therefore pressure reduced as volume increases, semi-lunar valves shut as pressure is now higher in the arteries than V

47
Q

what is the role of the Sino-atrial node?

A

initiate electrical signal

48
Q

describe the process of the electrical cycle in the heart

A

Sino-atrial node initiates electrical signal, signal spreads out across atria, atria-ventricular node pauses the signal allow blood to flow from atria to ventricle. signal goes to bottom of ventricle through purine fibres then spreads up to contract the ventricle upwards to force blood into the arteries

49
Q

what is the role of the non conductive tissue?

A

so the electrical signal doesn’t contract the ventricles too early

50
Q

in a PQRST wave, what is the P wave (first one)?

A

arterial stimulation

51
Q

in a PQRST wave, what is the QRS complex?

A

electrical charge spreading upwards through ventricles

52
Q

what is a tachycardia heartbeat?

A

too fast at rest

53
Q

what is a bradycardia heartbeat?

A

too slow at rest

54
Q

explain the middle portion of the oxygen dissociating curve

A

haemoglobin will go through a conformational change in response to the first o2 bonded and therefore making it easier for the next molecule to bind and therefore speeding up association (steep line)

54
Q

what is an ectopic heart rate?

A

a heart beat will come too early

54
Q

what is fibrillation ?

A

artria beating more frequently than ventricles so no clear p wave seen chambers are not sychronised

55
Q

explain where diassociation of oxygen and haemoglobin will take place

A

tissues as there is low oxygen affinity

55
Q

what is affinity?

A

an attractive force between substances or particles

55
Q

what is partial pressure of oxygen?

A

measure of the oxygen concentration in a mixture of gases

55
Q

what is the units of partial pressure?

A

Kpa

56
Q

explain where association of oxygen and haemoglobin will take place

A

lungs as there is a high oxygen affinity

57
Q

explain the start of the oxygen dissociation curve

A

shallow curve - at low partial pressure it is harder for oxygen to bind with haemoglobin because haem groups are at the centre of molecule therefore association happens really slowly

57
Q

explain the last part of the oxygen dissociating curve

A

as haimoglobin approaches saturation, it takes longer for the 4th o2 to bind due to the shortage of binding sites so graph levels off

58
Q

does foetal haemoglobin have higher or lower affinity for oxygen? explain why?

A

higher, because it can now bind to O2 at low enough PO2 that mothers haemoglobin disassociates this is its only source of oxygen

58
Q

describe the process that a foetus gets oxygen

A

Oxygenated blood leaves aorta of mother and is pumped to uterus. It passes through capillary close to placenta. In placenta PO2 is low therefore maternal Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates. This oxygen diffuses from maternal blood plasma through placenta into fetal system down at diffusion gradient fetal Hb has a higher affinity for oxygen so fetal Hb binds to oxygen more strongly this maintains a diffusion gradient in the placenta. Once oxygen has bound to HB to make Oxyhaemoglobin, it takes oxygen to aspiring cells for respiration. 

59
Q

explain the differences between the foetal heamoglobin curve and adult haemoglobin curve

A

Curve is further to the left because fetal HB must be able to associate with oxygen in an environment where PO2 is low enough to make adult HB dissociate 

59
Q

How is PO2 reduced even further in placenta ?

A

HF will associate with oxygen from surrounding fluids therefore reducing PO2 even more as less oxygen is in fluid therefore making mothers oxygen diffuse from blood to placenta, reducing PO2 within mothers blood making maternal HB release more O2 

60
Q

what is the chemical formula of carbonic acid?

A

H2CO3

61
Q

what is the chemical formula of carbonic anhydrodrous

A

HCO3 -

62
Q

what are 3 ways carbon dioxide can be transported?

A

dissolved in plasma, combined with haemoglobin, as carbonic acid

62
Q

what is the chloride shift ?

A

When hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out of red blood cell into the plasma the charge inside the red blood cell is maintained by movement of  chloride ions from plasma into red blood cell to maintain neutral charge 

63
Q

How does carbon dioxide play a role in dissociating oxygen from haemoglobin?

A

Carbon dioxide in plasma diffuses into red blood cell with water from products of respiration is creates carbonic acid which then dissociate into H plus and carbonican hydrase which then diffuses into plasma and create a positive ion so chloride ions enter to balance charge. The 08 and H plus compete for space on the HB the H plus wins and associates with haemoglobin so the 402 diffuse into plasma

64
Q

What is the Bohr effect ?

A

The effect that an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide has on haemoglobin. more respiration equals more carbon dioxide produced which equals more heat plus ions produced in red blood cell therefore more 02 release by Oxy haemoglobin

65
Q

How does haemoglobin act as a buffer ?

A

Excepting H plus ions to form haemoglobin acid to avoid changing pH of blood 

Biology (12 decks)

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