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Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the different levels biodiversity may be considered at ?

A

habitat, species, genetic

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2
Q

what is habitat biodiversity?

A

range of habitats where different species live

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3
Q

what is species biodiversity?

A

range of organisms found in a habitat, high species evenness and richness

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4
Q

what is genetic biodiversity ?

A

variation between individuals belonging to the same species. ensures we don’t all look the same and can create breeds within a species

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5
Q

what is species eveness ?

A

degree of representation of a species, how even the species are

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6
Q

what is species richness?

A

the number of species

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7
Q

how is sampling used in measuring the biodiversity of a habitat?

A

select a small portion of the habitat and study that carefully, multiply this up to size of the habitat to create an estimate. more practical method of measuring biodiversity by observing the species present

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8
Q

what are the 4 types of sampling used?

A

random, opportunistic, stratified, systematic

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9
Q

how is random sampling carried out ?

A

sample sites are randomly selected by random generally numbers (co ordinates)

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10
Q

how is an opportunistic sample carried out?

A

sample deliberately put in an area they know contains a particular species

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11
Q

how is stratified sampling carried out ?

A

dividing a habitat into areas that appear to be different

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12
Q

how is systematic sampling carried out?

A

samples are taken at fixed intervals

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13
Q

what is the importance of sampling a range of organisms in the habitat?

A

makes it more representative of the whole habitat

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14
Q

what is the preparation for sampling a habitat?

A

suitable clothing, suitable footwear, apparatus needed for sampling, equipment for recording observations, key to identify species, phone to record specimens or grid location

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15
Q

how can you randomly sample plants

A

co ordinates to place quadrats

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16
Q

how can you calculate percentage cover of a species?

A

use a point frame

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17
Q

how can an abiotic factor be measured in a habitat?

A

interrupted or continuous belt transect

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18
Q

how can you sample large animals?

A

observation

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19
Q

what are 5 methods for catching invertebrates ?

A

sweep net, stout net, poster, pitfall trap, tullgreen funnel, light trap

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20
Q

how can you trap small animals to measure population size?

A

Longworth trap, mark and recapture technique

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21
Q

how to measure the total population ?
name the Cs

A

(C1 X C2) / C3
C1= number captured first time
C2= number captured 2nd time
C3 number already marked animals recaptured

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22
Q

how could the calculated total population value be effected (decreased) ?

A

animals learn the trap is harmless and contains food so will increase C3 and decrease total population

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23
Q

how could the calculated total population value be effected (increases) ?

A

animals stay away from the trap as they know they will get caught so decrease C3 and increase total population

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24
Q

how are birds and small animals tagged?

A

birds ringed and small animals tagged

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25
Q

how can you measure species richness?

A

counting all species present

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26
Q

how can you measure species evenness?

A

percentage cover for plants

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27
Q

what can we use to measure the diversity of a habitat?

A

simpsons index

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28
Q

what does a high value for Simpsons index mean?

A

high diversity, habitat is stable and can withstand change

29
Q

what does a low value for Simpsons index mean?

A

low diversity, habitat is dominated by a few species so a small change could have a big impact

30
Q

what is genetic diversity?

A

when there is more than 1 allele for a particular locus(position of that gene on a chromazone)

31
Q

what does genetic diversity lead to ?

A

variations between individuals or more genetic differences between gametes

32
Q

how can genetic diversity be assessed ?

A

find percentage of loci that have more than 1 allele
or
proportion of polymorphic gene loci= number of polymorphic gene loci/ total number of loci

33
Q

what is a polymorphic gene locus?

A

locus that has more than 2 alleles

34
Q

what are 5 factors that effect biodiversity?

A

human population growth, agriculture, selective breeding, climate change and extinction

35
Q

how does human population growth effect biodiversity ?

A

we used environment to our advantage and use earth resources and in the process destroy habitats, from increase in demand for more food so as a result we harm other species therefore leading to extinction

36
Q

how does agriculture effect biodiversity ?

A

we clear natural vegetation so reduce the size of habitats and population size therefore reducing genetic diversity as less species are present and have less capacity to changing conditions

37
Q

how does selective breeding effect biodiversity ?

A

reduced genetic diversity because we select traits and breed from them, so concentration these characteristics so there is little variation between individuals, other breed will also die out ( genetic erosion)

38
Q

how odes climate change effect biodiversity?

A

species (selectively bred crops) that have lost genetic variation are less adaptable to changes so will dies out eventually

39
Q

what are the 3 reasons for maintaining biodiversity ?

A

ecological, economic and aethstetic

40
Q

what are 2 ecological reasons to maintain biodiversity ?

A

interdependence of organisms, genetic resources

41
Q

how is interdependence of organisms a reason to maintain biodiversity?

A

all species depend on one another so if one species is effected this will effect others. we need a more diverse ecosystem to adapt and cope with environmental changes in order for them to survive. the decline of a keystone species will have dramatic effect

42
Q

what is a keystone species?

A

a species that has a disproportionate effect on the environment relative to its abundance
predators that limit population of animals that might overgraze the vegetation

43
Q

how is maintaining genetic resource a reason for maintaining biodiversity?

A

when genetic diversity declines, so natural solutions and resources will be lost. many species have adapted to overcome problems of environment, we can breed from these to create species that can adapt to the currant changes. we need to maintaining genetic diversity because of the potential many alive species hold

44
Q

what is the economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity ?

A

regulation of atmosphere and climate, purification and retention of fresh water, formation and fertilisation of soil, recycling of nutrients, detoxification, crop pollination, growth of food and discovery of new medicines all impact food production. if these decline then so does food production. loss of biodiversity (monoculture) = soil depletion as it less fertile so natural yield decrease
needs to look good to attract tourism which = money and jobs

45
Q

what is the aesthetic reason to maintaining biodiversity?

A

humans take pleasure form visual effects of biodiversity mental health
environment needs to be protected to maintain landscapes so they are pleasing to attract tourism

46
Q

what is in situ conservation ? and some examples

A

carrying out management to maintain biodiversity in the natural environment
marine conservation, wildlife reserves and parks

47
Q

how is a wildlife reserve an example of in situ ?

A

conservation of specific areas to increase biodiversity

48
Q

what creates a good wildlife reserve?

A

comprehensiveness- what species are represented and what environment conditions there are (must be well rounded)
adequacy- large enough to provide long term survival
diverseness- full range of each species to increase biodiversity

49
Q

what are 4 advantages to in situ ?

A

species are in natural environment- happier
allows for management of these areas to ensure ecological integrity
facilitates natural scientific research
protects biodiversity of natural ecosystem

50
Q

what are 4 disadvantages to in situ ?

A

endangered habitats may be Brocken down due to change
population may have already lost genetic diversity
conditions that caused endangerment will still be present and out of our control
concentration of endangered species= attraction of predators

50
Q

what is ex situ conservation and examples?

A

conserving an endangered species by activities that take place outside of normal habitat
zoo, seed banks, botanic gardens

51
Q

how is a zoo an example of ex situ ?

A

breed endangered species to increase numbers outside of normal environment for protection or conduct research to benefit the species

52
Q

what are 9 advantages of ex situ ?

A

protection form predators,
health can be monitored and medical assistance easily given, if disaster strikes populations can be divided to increase chance of survival, genetic diversity measured, selective breeding to increase genetic diversity, modern reproductive tech used, research easy to do , raise money, educational

53
Q

what are disadvantages to ex situ?

A

limited genetic diversity, exposed to a range of diseases, living outside of natural habitat, abnormal behaviour due to unnatural conditions which are hard to recreate, expensive to maintain natural conditions, for animals raised in zoo it is hard to introduce to wild

54
Q

what are 6 disadvantages to botanical gardens as a way of maintaining biodiversity of plants ?

A

expensive, collecting seeds may cause disturbance, seeds may be genetically different from another area, seeds stored for a while may not be viable, asexually bred plants= lower genetic diversity, conclusions made aren’t fully representative of wild

55
Q

what are 3 advantages to botanical gardens as a way of maintaining biodiversity of plants ?

A

plants protected and don’t take up much space, easy to breed asexually, use tissue culture to increase numbers and say to plant in wild

56
Q

what is a seed bank?

A

collection of seed samples that are representative of every species

57
Q

how are seeds stored in a seed bank ?

A

dry, freezed so are resistant to desiccation

57
Q

what is the importance of a seed bank?

A

leads to discovery of new medicines as all types of plant

58
Q

what are 2 international conservation schemes ?

A

CITES and rio conservation on biodiversity

59
Q

what does CITES stand for?

A

convention on international trade in endangered species of fauna and flora

60
Q

what is CITES aim?

A

to ensure international trade of wildlife does not threaten their survival regulate and monitor trade, ensure trade of wild plants commercially is prohibited, trade is subject to permit

60
Q

what year was CITES agreed?

A

1973

60
Q

what is a local conservation scheme ?

A

countryside stewardship scheme 1991

60
Q

what is the role of the rio convention ?

A

conservation of biodiversity, sustainable and appropriate use of components, fairly shared access and use of genetic resources and scientific knowledge

61
Q

what is the role of the rio conservation?

A

promoting sustainable development, it recognises people needs for secure sources of food and medicine etc

61
Q

what are the aims of the countryside stewardship scheme ?

A

improve natural beauty and diversity of countryside, enhance resort and recreate targeted landscapes, wildlife habitats and historical features, and improve opportunities for public access

62
Q

what was the countryside stewardship scheme replaced with in 2005 ?

A

environmental stewardship scheme

63
Q

what is the purpose of the environmental stewardship scheme?

A

provides funding to farmers to deliver effective environmental management on their land. to conserve, enhance and promote the countryside by looking after wildlife, protecting historical features, ensuring land is well managed, livestock and crops are conserved, provides opportunity’s for people to visit and learn

Biology (14 decks)

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