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classification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is classification?

A

process of ordering things into groups

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2
Q

state the order of the taxonomic rank

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, phylum, genus, species

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3
Q

what are the 3 domains?

A

archaea, eubacteria and eukaryotes

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4
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms?

A

plantae, Animalia, fungi, protoctista, prokaryote

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5
Q

why are eukaryotes more likely to evolve compared to prokaryotes ?

A

have non coding gaps in DNA sequence which allow for genes to be shuffled into many orders. prokaryotes are squished up so hard to shuffle

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6
Q

what are the rules of naming?

A

genus then species, genus must have a capital, species all lower case, abbreviated and underlined
H.sapien(underlined)

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7
Q

what are 3 advantages to the binomial naming system ?

A

1) names universal so all countries use same name which avoids confusion between languages
2)it means it is easy to identify organism
3) helps us see relationships between species

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8
Q

what are characteristics of Animalia?

A

eukaryote, multicellular, able to move, heterotrophic

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9
Q

what are characteristics of plantae?

A

eukaryote, multicellular, autotrophic, contain chlorophyll, cellulose cell wall

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10
Q

what are characteristics of fungi?

A

eukaryotic, unicellular (or have hyphae), mostly free living, walls made of chitin, cytoplasm that is multinucleate, saprophytic

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11
Q

what are characteristics of Protoctista?

A

eukaryotic, unicellular (apart from algae), free living, autotrophic or heterotrophic, show plant or animal like features

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12
Q

what are characteristics of prokaryotes?

A

no nucleas, no membrane bound organelles, smaller ribosomes, free living or parasitic, have naked DNA (not associated with histone proteins)

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13
Q

what is heterotrophic?

A

digest large molecules and turn these to smaller molecules for absorption

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14
Q

what is autotrophic?

A

absorb simple molecules and build up to larger ones

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15
Q

what is saprophytic?

A

causes decay

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16
Q

what is the phylogenetic definition of a species?

A

a group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics

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17
Q

what is the niche of an organism ?

A

functional role it plays in the ecosystem

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18
Q

what Is convergent evolution?

A

when 2 unrelated species could look the same because of the way the environment shapes them

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19
Q

how are biological molecules evidence of evolution?

A

if the earliest living things had identical versions of the molecules then the differences are due to evolution. differences of the molecules between species reflect evolutionary relationships

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20
Q

if 2 organisms had similar biological molecules what does this suggest about their relationship ?

A

closely related, not evolved separately for long

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21
Q

how can cytochrome c be used as evidence for evolution?

A

the amino acids of cytochrome c can be sequences and compared between species

22
Q

if cytochrome c sequence same/similar what is the relationship of the 2 species?

A

closely related

23
Q

what Is phylogeny?

A

study of evolutionary relationships between organisms and how closely related a species is to another

24
Q

describe artificial classification

A

groups things for convenience
based off a few characteristics
doesn’t reflect evolutionary relationships
provides limited info
stable

25
Q

describe natural classification

A

Putting organisms into groups that reflect how closely related they are to each other.
used many characteristics
reflects evolutionary relationships
provides lots of infomation
may change with advancing information

26
Q

what is monophyletic?

A

when all organisms from that group evolved from one ancestor

27
Q

what is a common ancestor?

A

an ancestor that is shared by 2 or more different organisms that is not present today

28
Q

what is natural selection?

A

how features of the environment apply a selective force on reproduction of a individual in a species

29
Q

how was variation found by Darwin?

A

found that there was a difference between members of same species in different environments

30
Q

what are Darwins 4 observations ?

A

1) offspring areas similar to parents
2) no 2 individuals are indentical
3) organisms can produce large numbers of offspring
4) populations tend to remain fairly stable in size

31
Q

what is the process of natural selection ?

A

random mutation produces new alleles of a gene, under certain conditions new alleles will benefit the organism who possesses it, therefore leads to increased chance of survival and reproductive success so the new allele is passed down generations and becomes a common trait in the species

32
Q

what did the use of fossil evidence find?

A

that past speices were different from those present today, new species similar to old ones in same environment

33
Q

why is the fossil record not complete?

A

not all organisms long ago would have been eaten or decayed before turned into fossils and we can’t find all of them

34
Q

how is biological molecules evidence of natural selection?

A

all species have similar biological molecules so suggests one species gave way to another and we all arose from a single ancestor

35
Q

the greater number of similarities in gene sequences means what for the relationship ?

A

more closely related, and more recent separation into evolution

36
Q

what is variation?

A

presence of differences between induviduals

37
Q

what are the 2 types of variation?

A

continuous and discontinuous

38
Q

what is continuous variation ?

A

have 2 extreme values and a range in-between (height)

39
Q

what is discontinuous variation?

A

have distinct categories ( blood group )

40
Q

is continuous variation regulated by one or more gene? and environment?

A

more than one, and environment

41
Q

is discontinued variation regulated by one or more genes ? and environment ?

A

just one, no environment

42
Q

what graph would continuous variation represent ?

A

histograms

43
Q

what graph would discontinuous variation represent?

A

bar chart

44
Q

what is intraspecific variation?

A

variation between individuals in a species

45
Q

what is interspecific variation?

A

variation between species

46
Q

what effect does both environmental and genetic variation have?

A

one will limit the other. or the environment will switch on genes

47
Q

How is phylogeny related to classification ?

A

Phylogeny reflects evolutionary relationships and natural classification will place organisms into groups that are related it will show how closely related the groups are

48
Q

What is the definition of adaption ?

A

A characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat

49
Q

What are 7 adaptations of marram grass

A

Long roots, roots spread out, leaves curled, lower epidermis covered in hairs and folded to create pits for stomata, low density of stomata, thick waxy cuticle

50
Q

What are the 3 types of adaptation ?

A

Anatomical, behavioural and physiological

Biology (14 decks)

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