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Transport in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

The circulatory system is a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

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2
Q

What is single circulation?

A

the blood passes through a single circuit – where blood is pumped by the heart to the gills for oxygenation, after which the blood flows to the rest of the body and back to the heart.

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3
Q

How does single circulation work in fishes?

A

They have a two-chambered heart comprising an atrium and a ventricle. In fishes, the heart pumps out the deoxygenated blood which undergoes oxygenation in the gills. In gills, blood receives oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, a process facilitated by the thin walls of gill capillaries allowing efficient gas exchange. The oxygenated blood is then passed to the body parts from where the deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart.

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4
Q

What is double circulation?

A

Double circulation means that the blood flows through two circuits – one low-pressure circuit and one high-pressure circuit.

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5
Q

What is the double circulation of a mammal?

A

Mammals have a four chamber heart (two atria and two ventricles) and double circulation. Double circulation means that the blood flows through two circuits – one low-pressure circuit and one high-pressure circuit. The right low-pressure circuit is when the deoxygenated blood travels from the heart, to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated, and back. This is also known as the pulmonary circuit. The left high-pressure circuit, or systemic circuit, is when oxygenated blood flows from the heart to the rest of the body, and back. This is higher pressure because the blood has to travel further, so the heart applies a greater force on this blood, this is why the left side of the heart has a thicker muscle wall.

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6
Q

What are the advantages of double circulation?

A
  • Blood travelling through the small capillaries in the lungsloses a lot of pressurethat was given to it by the pumping of the heart, meaning itcannot travel as fast. By returning the blood to the heart after going through the lungs itspressure can be raised againbefore sending it to the body, meaningcellscan be supplied with theoxygen and glucosethey need for respirationfaster and more frequently
  • Double circulation also helps keep the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate and prevents their mixing – this allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body.
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7
Q

Why is single circulation inefficient?

A

Single circulation is inefficient because there lower blood pressure after passing through gills, leading to a slower rate of flow to body tissues and less efficient due to the mixing of blood and the single loop system resulting in reduced oxygenation efficiency.

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8
Q

Which side is the heart’s left?

A

YOUR RIGHT

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9
Q

Which blood vessel pumps blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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10
Q

Which blood vessel returns blood to the heart?

A

Veins

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11
Q

What supplies the heart with blood?

A

Coronary arteries

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12
Q

What are the parts of the heart at the top?

A

Left and right atrium

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13
Q

Why do ventricles have thicker muscle walls than the atria?

A

they are pumping blood out of the heart and so need to generatea higher pressure

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14
Q

Why does the left ventircle have a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle?

A

it has to pump blood at high pressure around theentire body, whereas the right ventricle is pumping blood at lower pressure to thelungs

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15
Q

What does the septum do?

A

separates the two sides of the heart and soprevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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16
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

to prevent backflow of blood

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17
Q

Where are the atrioventricular valves located?

A

between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart

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18
Q

What is the atrioventricular valve on the hearts right?

A

tricuspid valve

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19
Q

What is the atrioventricular valve on the hearts left?

A

bicuspid valve also called the mitral valve

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20
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A

These valves are pushedopen when the atria contractbut when theventricles contract they are pushed shutto prevent blood from flowing back into the atria

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21
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located?

A

In the two blood arteries that come out of the top of the heart. They are unusual in that they are theonly two arteries in the body that contain valves

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22
Q

What is the semilunar valve located in the aorta?

A

aortic semilunar valve

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23
Q

What is the semilunar valve located in the pulmonary artery?

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

24
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

A

These valvesopen when the ventricles contractso blood squeezes past them out of the heart, but then shut to avoid blood flowing back into the heart

25
Q

How can you monitor the activity of the heart?

A

ECG, pulse rate and listening to sounds of valves closing

26
Q

Experiment to investigate effect of exercise on hear rate

A
  • Breathing rate can be measured by counting the number of breaths per minute, while heart rate can be measured by taking a pulse
  • This can be done by pressing two fingers down on the inside of their wrist, between the bone and the tendon on their thumb side. You should be able to feel pulses. This is because, during ventricular systole, blood is forced down the arteries, so they expand slightly. Using a stopwatch, count the number of pulses in 30 seconds, and multiply by two to gain the pulse rate per minute.
  • Either can be measured before and after an activity is performed and the results plotted on a bar chart
    • It is important that the time over which breathing rate and pulse rate are measured is consistent, and that individuals fully recover (rest) before starting a new activity
27
Q

What does increased physical activity result in?

A

Increased physical activity results in an increased heart rate and breathing rate. Heart rate remains high for a period of time after physical has stopped, there is a gradual return to resting heart rate

28
Q

Why does physical activity increase heart rate?

A
  • Physical activity increases heart rate. This is because physical activity increases the body’s need for energy, increasing the rate of respiration and thus the demand for oxygen. This means the heart needs to pump blood around the body faster, to deliver oxygen faster to the needy tissues, so the heart rate increases. If the heart rate increases, the number of ‘pulses’ of blood pushed out by the ventricles per minute also increases, so the pulse rate increases.
  • The heart rate rises during exercise so thatsufficient bloodis taken to the working muscles to provide them with enoughnutrients and oxygenforincreased respiration. An increase in heart rate also allows forwaste products to be removed at a faster rate
29
Q

Why does the heart continue to beat fast after exercise?

A
  • Following exercise, the heart continues to beat faster for a while to ensure thatall excess waste products are removedfrom muscle cells.
  • It is also likely that muscle cells have been respiringanaerobicallyduring exercise and so have built up anoxygen debt. This needs to be ‘repaid’ following exercise and so the heart continues to beat faster to ensure thatextra oxygen is still being delivered to muscle cells
  • The extra oxygen is used to break down thelactic acidthat has been built up in cells as a result of anaerobic respiration
30
Q

What happens if a coronary artery is blocked?

A
  • The blood is supplied by thecoronary arteries. If a coronary artery becomes partially or completelyblocked by fatty deposits called ‘plaques’(mainly formed fromcholesterol), the arteries are not aselasticas they should be and therefore cannot stretch to accommodate the blood which is being forced through them - leading tocoronary heart disease
  • Partial blockageof the coronary arteries creates a restricted blood flow to the cardiac muscle cells and results in severe chest pains calledangina
  • Complete blockagemeans cells in that area of the heart will not be able to respire and can no longer contract, leading to aheart attack
31
Q

What are the risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A

Poor diet- Eating more saturated fat increases cholesterol levels, increasing the chance of the buildup of fatty plaques
Stress- When under stress, hormones produced can increase blood pressure, increasing the chance of a blockage in the coronary arteries
Smoking- Nicotine in cigarettes causes blood vessels to become narrower, increasing blood pressure which causes the buildup of fat globules. If this occurs in the coronary artery, it could cause coronary heart disease
Genetic predisposition- Studies show that people with a history of coronary heart disease in their family are more likely to develop it themselves
Age- The risk of developing coronary heart disease increases as you get older
Gender- Males are more likely to develop it than females

32
Q

How can you reduce risk for coronary heart disease?

A
  • Quit smoking
  • Diet: reduce animal fats and eat more fruits and vegetables - this will reduce cholesterol levels in the blood and help with weight loss if overweight
  • Exercise regularly: again, this will help with weight loss, decrease blood pressure and cholesterol levels and help reduce stress
33
Q

Why is the septum important?

A

The septum is a vital part of the heart because it separates the left and right sides, preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This separation is crucial for the efficiency of our circulatory system. Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body, providing essential oxygen to our cells for energy production. Meanwhile, deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs for re-oxygenation. Without the septum, these two types of blood would mix, reducing the efficiency of oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues.

34
Q

How does blood move through the heart?

A

Deoxygenated bloodcoming from the body flows into theright atriumvia thevena cava. Once the right atrium has filled with blood the heart gives a little beat and the blood is pushed through thetricuspid (atrioventricular) valveinto theright ventricle. The walls of the ventriclecontractand the blood is pushed into thepulmonary arterythrough thesemilunar valvewhich prevents blood flowing backwards into the heart. The blood travels to the lungs and moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where gas exchange takes place (this is why there has to be low pressure on this side of the heart – blood is going directly to capillaries which would burst under higher pressure). Oxygen-rich bloodreturns to theleft atriumvia thepulmonary vein. It passes through thebicuspid (atrioventricular) valveinto theleft ventricle. The thicker muscle walls of the ventricle contract strongly to push the blood forcefully into theaortaand all the way around the body. Thesemilunar valvein the aorta prevents the blood flowing back down into the heart

35
Q

Arteries characteristics

A
  • Carry blood athigh pressure away from the heart (dangerous to cut as blood will spurt out)
  • Carryoxygenatedblood (other than the pulmonary artery)
  • Havethick muscular wallscontaining elastic fibres to withstand the high pressure of blood and maintain the blood pressure as it recoils after the blood has passed through
  • Can stretch as blood is forced through them and return to original shape. This is felt as a pulse.
  • Have anarrow lumen to maintain high blood pressure
  • Speed of flow isfast
36
Q

Veins characteristics

A
  • Carry blood atlow pressure towards the heart
  • Carrydeoxygenatedblood (other than the pulmonary vein)
  • Havethinwalls
  • Have alarge lumen as blood pressure is low
  • Containvalves to prevent the backflow of blood as it is under low pressure
  • Blood is squeezed back towards the heart by the action of the skeletal muscles
  • Speed of flow isslow
37
Q

Capillaries characteristics

A
  • Carry blood atlow pressurewithin tissues
  • Forms a huge network linking arteries to veins (allowing blood to access every cell in our body)
  • Carryboth oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • Have walls that areone cell thick so substances can easily diffuse in and out of them
  • Have ‘leaky’ walls so that blood plasma can leak out and form tissue fluid surrounding cells
  • Speed of flow isslow
38
Q

What do the superior and inferior vena cava do?

A

The superior vena cava collects blood from the head and upper parts of the body and empties it into the right atrium. The inferior vena cava collects blood from the rest of the body and empties it into the right atrium. (They are veins and carry the blood to the heart)

39
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

The aorta takes blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

40
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.

41
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

42
Q

What carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys? What carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidney?

A

renal artery and renal vein

43
Q

What do the hepatic artery and vein do?

A
  • Thehepatic arterybrings oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver
  • Thehepatic veinbrings deoxygenated blood from the liver back to the heart
44
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

Thehepatic portal veintransports deoxygenated blood from the gut to the liver (nutrient-rich blood)

45
Q

What are the four components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, plasma, platelets, white blood cells

46
Q

Red blood cells function and appearance

A
  • Biconcave discs containing no nucleus but plenty of the protein haemoglobin
  • Function is to transport oxygenaround the body from the lungs to cells which require it for aerobic respiration
47
Q

White blood cells appearance and function

A
  • Large cells containing big nucleus, different types have slightly different structures and functions
  • Function is to defendthe body against infection by pathogens by carrying outphagocytosisandantibody production
  • There are two main types,phagocytes and lymphocytes
48
Q

What does a phagocyte’s function?

A

engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis

49
Q

How do phagocytes engulf pathogens?

A

Phagocytes have a sensitive cell surface membrane that can detect chemicals produced by pathogenic cells. Once they encounter the pathogenic cell, they will engulf it andrelease digestive enzymesto digest it.

50
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

antibody production

51
Q

Why do lymphocytes produce antibodies?

A

Produceantibodiesto destroy pathogenic cells andantitoxinsto neutralise toxins released by pathogens

52
Q

How can you recognise phagocytes and lymphocytes in the microscope?

A
  • Phagocytes can be easily recognised under the microscope by theirmulti-lobed nucleusand theirgranular cytoplasm
  • Lymphocytes can easily be recognised under the microscope by theirlarge round nucleuswhich takes up nearly the whole cell and theirclear, non-granular cytoplasm
53
Q

What are platelets?

A

Platelets arefragments of cells which are involved in blood clottingand forming scabs where the skin has been cut or punctured

54
Q

What is plasma?

A
  • Straw coloured liquid
  • Involved in transport of blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones and carbon dioxide
55
Q

What is the role of blood clotting?

A

Role is to prevent blood loss and the entry of pathogens

56
Q

What happens when skin is broken?

A

When the skin is broken (i.e. there is a wound) platelets arrive to stop the bleeding and stimulate blood clotting. A series of reactions occur within the blood plasma. Platelets release chemicals that causesoluble fibrinogen proteinsto convert intoinsoluble fibrinand form aninsoluble meshacross the wound, trapping red blood cells and thereforeforming a clot. The clot eventually dries and develops into ascabto protect the wound from bacteria entering.

Biology IG (24 decks)

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