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Transport in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Common features of circulatory systems -

A
  • They contain a transport medium that circulates around the system
  • Vessels that act as transport mediums
  • Pumping mechanisms that move fluid throughout the system.
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2
Q

When substances are transported in the mass of fluid it is known as a?

A

Mass transport system

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2
Q

Open Circulatory systems -

A
  • Pumped straight from the heart into the body cavity.
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3
Q

What is the open body cavity called and what does it come into contact within the body?

A

Haemocoel (under low pressure) comes into direct contact with the tissues and the cells.

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4
Q

Insect blood is called?

A

Haemolymph

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5
Q

What does Haemolymph consist of?

A

Doesn’t carry oxygen or carbon dioxide, it transports food and nitrogenous waste products in the cell.

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6
Q

What does the body cavity consist of?

A

The body cavity extends along the length of the thorax and the abdomen of the insect.

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7
Q

Closed circulatory systems -

A

The blood is enclosed in the blood vessels and does not come into direct contact with the cells of the body. The heart pumps the blood around the body under pressure, substances leave and enter the blood by diffusion through the walls of the blood vessels.

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8
Q

Single closed circulatory systems -

A

In fish and annelid worms, the blood flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all around the body before returning to the heart.

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9
Q

How many sets of capillaries does the blood pass through in a single closed circulation -

A

2 sets of capillaries before it returns to the heart

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10
Q

First capillary passing in single closed -

A

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

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11
Q

Second capillary passing in single closed -

A

Substances are exchanged between the blood and the cells.

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12
Q

Double closed circulatory systems -

A

Most efficient system for transporting substances around the body. Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide and then returns to the heart. Blood flows through the heart and then is pumped out to travel all around the body before returning to the heart. Blood travels twice through the heart for each circuit of the body and only passes through one capillary network under high pressure and fast flow of blood.

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13
Q

Elastic fibres function -

A

Elastin, can stretch and recoil providing the vessel with flexibility.

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14
Q

Smooth muscle function -

A

Contracts or relaxes altering the size of the lumen. So allows vasodilation or vasocontriction

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15
Q

Artery contain what of the three characteristics?

A

Smooth muscle, elastic fibres and collagen.

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16
Q

Use of the elastic fibres in the artery?

A

Allows them to enable them to withstand the force of blood pumped out of the heart and stretch.

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17
Q

What is the lining of the artery and what does it achieve?

A

Endothelium and is smooth so blood can easily flow over it.

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18
Q

What links arteries and capillaries?

A

Arterioles

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19
Q

In between contractions of the heart the elastic fibres recoil and return to their original length and this helps how by giving out what amount of blood.

A

Helps give even out surges of blood pumped from the heart to give continuous flow.

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20
Q

Capillaries are?

A

Microscopic blood vessels that link the arterioles with the venules, they form as extensive network through all the tissues of the body.

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21
Q

How are capillaries used to exchange with the environment?

A

Substances are exchanged through the capillary walls between the tissue cells and the blood.

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22
Q

Way in which capillaries are adapted for their roles -

A
  • Provide a large surface area for the diffusion of substances in and out of blood.
  • The walls are a single endothelial cell thick, giving a very thin layer for diffusion.
  • The slow movement of blood through the capillaries give more time for the exchange of materials via diffusion between the blood and cells.
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23
Q

Veins characteristics -

A

Blood pressure is low compared to pressure within the arteries, walls contain lots of collagen and little elastic fibres.

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24
Q

What links capillaries and veins?

A

Venules

25
Q

Adaptations of veins is needed because?

A

The blood is carried under low pressure and needs to move against gravity.

26
Q

Adaptations of the veins -

A
  • Have one way valves at intervals, these are flaps, when blood flows in one direction, the valves open so blood can pass through, if it flows backwards the valves close to prevent this.
  • Many of the bigger veins run between big active muscles for example arms and legs when the muscles contract they squeeze the veins, forcing the blood towards the heart.
27
Q

Blood consists of what?

A

Plasma which consists of variety of other component. Dissolved glucose and amino acids.

28
Q

Functions of the blood -

A
  • Chemical messengers
  • Digested food from the small intestine
  • Platelet damage
29
Q

Tissue fluid formation -

A
  • Substances dissolved in plasma can pass through fenestrations in the capillary walls (except large plasma proteins)
  • As blood flows through the arterioles into the capillaries it is still under pressure from the surge of blow coming from the flow (hydrostatic pressure)
  • At arterial end of the capillary the hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid out of the capillaries and is higher than the oncotic pressure so fluid is squeezed out of the capillaries its called tissue fluid.
30
Q

Oncotic pressure -

A

Water to move into blood by osmosis

31
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

Same composition as plasma but the red blood cells but without red blood cells and plasma proteins.

32
Q

Lymph -

A

Similar to tissue fluid but with less oxygen and nutrients and is a result of some tissue fluid not returning to the capillaries. Lymph can return to the blood.

33
Q

Lymph nodes -

A

Lymphocytes build up in the Lymph node when necessary and produce antibodies, which can be passed to the blood, lymph can also intercept bacteria which are ingested phagocytes, plays a role in defence mechanisms. Larger lymph nodes are signs that the body is fighting off invading pathogens.

34
Q

Carrying oxygen -

A
  • When red blood cells the oxygen levels are relatively low
  • Makes a steep concentration gradient
  • Oxygen moves into the erythrocytes and binds with haemoglobin (haem group - 4)
  • This results in the changing shape making it easier for more oxygen molecules to bind.
  • free oxygen concentration stays low to maintain a steep concentration gradient until fully saturated.
  • When the blood reaches the body tissues the situation is reversed where the concentration of oxygen in the cytoplasm is lower compared to the red blood cells.
  • So oxygen moves out and down a concentration curve.
  • The molecule changes shape allowing the remaining oxygen molecules to be removed.
35
Q

Oxygen dissociation curve -

A
  • Understands how blood carries and releases oxygen
  • The % of saturation is plotted against the partial pressure of oxygen
  • Show the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.
  • More haem groups are bound the easier oxygen is to pick
  • High partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs the haemoglobin in red blood cells is rapidly loaded with oxygen
36
Q

The effect of carbon dioxide -

A
  • As partial pressure of CO2 rises, haemoglobin gives up oxygen more easily, this change is known as the Bohr effect important in active tissues with higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide, haemoglobin gives up oxygen more easily.
37
Q

Fetal haemoglobin -

A
  • Completely dependent on the mothers oxygen supply
  • It runs close to the deoxygenated fetal blood in the placenta
  • Therefore it has a higher affinity for oxygen and not blood otherwise little oxygen would reach the placenta
  • So it removes oxygen from the maternal blood when they slide pass each other.
38
Q

Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form -

A

Carbonic acid

39
Q

The carbonic acid dissociates to form -

A

Hydrogen and hydrogen carbonate ions

40
Q

What enzyme is present in the cytoplasm of red blood cells for carbon dioxide to carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase reversible reaction)

41
Q

Chloride shift -

A

Negatively charged hydrogen carbonate ions move out of the erythrocyte into the plasma down a gradient and negatively charged chloride ions move in. Maintains the electrical balance.

42
Q

Opposite of the chloride shift in the lungs -

A

When the blood reaches the lungs with low carbon dioxide carbonic anhydrase in the cytoplasm reverse catalyse the reaction which forms water and carbon dioxide, hydrogen carbonate ions move back into the cell and react with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid.

43
Q

Haemoglobin in chloride shift -

A

Acts as a buffer prevents changes in pH by accepting free hydrogen ions in a reversible reaction forming haemoglobinic acid.

44
Q

Which are highest in the heart ventricles or atrium?

A

Arteries

45
Q

The cardiac cycle?

A

Describes the event in a single heartbeat

46
Q

Diastole in the cardiac cycle -

A

Die = relaxing
The heart relaxes, atria and ventricles fill with blood the heart increases in pressure.

47
Q

Systole in the cardiac cycle -

A

The atria contract (atria systole) and so does the ventricle after (ventricular systole), pressure is increased dramatically and blood is forced out of both sides to their corresponding location.

47
Q

Heart sound consist of what is described as the ‘lub-dub’ how can it be heard?

A

Stethoscope

48
Q

Lub dud sounds are what in the heart?

A

First sound comes from force of blood against the atrioventricular valves as the ventricles contracts, the second sound comes as backflow of the blood closes to the semi-lunar valve in the aorta.

49
Q

The basic rhythm of the heart is maintained by a wave of?

A

Electrical excitation

50
Q

Electrical excitation begins in what pacemaker in the heart?

A

SVN (Sino-atrial node)

51
Q

What does the SAN do?

A

Causes the atria to contract and initiate the heartbeat, non-conduction tissue layer prevents it from moving to the ventricles.

52
Q

The AVN -

A

The atrio-ventricular node has a slight delay before stimulating the bundle of his. The atrio-ventricular node picks up the electrical activity of the SAN.

53
Q

Bundle of his is made up of what?

A

Made up of Purkyne fibres which penetrate through the septum between the ventricles

54
Q

What does the bundle of his do?

A

Splits into two branches continuing the apex to the bottom of the heart.
At the apex the purkyne fibres spread out through the walls of the ventricles on both sides, the spread of excitation triggers the contraction of ventricles.

55
Q

Heart rhythm abnormalities are measured from

A

Electrocardiograms

56
Q

Tachycardia -

A
  • Rapid heartbeat
  • Exercise
  • T = Training
57
Q

Bradycardia -

A
  • When the heart rate is slow
  • May be due to fitness
  • Pacemaker as an alternative
  • B = Basketball players are fit
58
Q

Ectopic heartbeat -

A
  • Extra abnormal heart beats
  • Can be linked to series conditions when frequent
59
Q

Atrial fibrillation -

A
  • Abnormal rhythm of the heart
  • Rapid electrical impulses are generated in the atria

Biology (15 decks)

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