Respiration/Photosynthesis Flashcards
First stage of Respiration is what, where and can be classed as what process?
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Anaerobic respiration
Stage 1 of glycolysis is called
Phosphorylation
What is phosphorylation 1 in Glycolysis?
-Two molecules of ATP -> ADP + Pi
-Phosphates release onto the 6 carbon molecule of glucose to form a hexose bisphosphate
What is formed from Phosphorylation 1 Glycolysis?
Hexose bisphosphate
Lysis of Glycolysis results in what -
- Splitting the molecule
- Forms 2 triose phosphate molecules
What is phosphorylation 2 of Glycolysis?
- Another phosphate group comes into the molecule but onto each triose phosphate
- Come from free floating inorganic phosphate ions present in the cytoplasm
- Forms triose bisphosphate
What is formed from phosphorylation 2 in Glycolysis?
Triose bisphosphate
Final stage of glycolysis is Dehydrogenation and the formation of ATP what happens?
Dehydrogenation means the removal of hydrogen so the triose bisphosphates are oxidised and at the same time 4 ATP molecules are made from the 4 phosphate groups on the triose bisphosphates.
The hydrogen atoms lost are accepted by NAD coenzymes these are reduced meaning they gain hydrogen and form two reduced NAD’s or NADH.
Forms two pyruvate molecules and a net yield of two ATP (Two used and 4 made in total so a net yield of 2 or in total 4)
Final products of Glycolysis?
2 pyruvate and 4 ATP
The formation of ATP without the use of the ETC is an example of?
Substrate level phosphorylation as the ATP formed is from the transfer of the phosphate group from a phosphorylated intermediate.
What links Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
The link reaction - enters aerobic respiration.
The remaining aerobic requiring reactions of cellular respirations take place inside the?
Mitochondria
The link reaction can also be known as?
Oxidative decarboxylation
In the link reaction pyruvate enters the what and by what process?
Mitochondrial matrix via active transport
Decarboxylation of the pyruvate refers to the removal of?
Carbon dioxide
Oxidation of the pyruvate refers to the removal of?
Hydrogen, accepted by NAD forming NADH
Oxidative decarboxylation results in the formation of what and how many carbon?
2 carbon acetyl group
The 2 carbon acetyl group is delivered to the what by what?
Krebs cycle and the acetyl CoA
Acetyl group combines with?
Coenzyme A
Krebs cycle takes place specifically where and each complete cycle results in the breakdown of?
Mitochondrial matrix One acetyl group
The acetyl group combines with a what to make a what?
4 Carbon oxaloacetate
6 carbon citrate molecule
The citrate molecule undergoes what to form what? x2
Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
NADH and a carbon dioxide and a 5 carbon molecule is formed.
Until it eventually regenerates oxaloacetate
Products of Krebs cycle -
More carbon dioxide, two more NADS and one reduced FADH are produced
The hydrogen atoms collected by FAD and NAD coenzymes are transported where in the mitochondria?
Inner mitochondrial membranes (cristae)
Last stage of Aerobic respiration is?
Oxidative phosphorylation or the electron transport chain.
What happens to the hydrogen atoms in oxidative phosphorylation
They dissociate into hydrogen ions and electrons.
The hydrogen ions and electrons are used in the ETC for?
The synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis.
ATP synthesis of the ETC is achieved through?
Energy being released during redox reactions as the electrons reduce and oxidise, this creates a proton gradient leading to diffusion of protons through ATP synthase resulting in ATP being made.
At the end of the ETC water is formed by water reactants moving together?
Electrons, oxygen and hydrogen ions
The ETC cannot operate without the acceptance of the final electron accepter which is?
Oxygen, so the breakdown of glucose is a full aerobic process.
Fermentation pathway is involved with what kind of respiration?
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation involves -
Organic compounds being broken down into smaller inorganic compounds, without the use of oxygen or the ETC, glucose is not fully broken down so it doesn’t produce as much ATP, the quantity produced is done by substrate level phosphorylation.
Lactate fermentation pathway in mammals involves the product of what process?
Pyruvate from Glycolysis
The hydrogen accepter in the lactate pathway can be?
Pyruvate
What enzyme catalyses the NADH on the pyruvate?
Lactate dehydrogenase
From the Lactate pathway pyruvate from the effort of the hydrogen accepter of lactate dehydrogenase converts into?
Lactate (Lactic acid)
Lactic acid can be converted back into glucose in where with the help of?
Liver
Oxygen
Idea of oxygen debt
Anaerobic pathway doesn’t have and what element and chain? So it cannot achieve?
Oxygen or ETC
No oxygen to act as the final electron accepter on the ETC (oxidative phosphorylation), the lack of electron flow means the synthesis of ATP is not achieved.
As the flow of electrons along the flow of the ETC has stopped it means NAD and FAD are no longer able to be -
Oxidised, so it cannot no longer be regenerated, doesn’t allow decarboxylation and oxidation of pyruvate and the Krebs cycle.
Alcoholic fermentation pathway is in?
Yeast and some plants
Alcoholic fermentation is -
Irreversible
Pyruvate in the alcoholic fermentation pathway is first converted into what through through what process?
Ethanal, catalysed by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase.
Ethanal becomes reduced from a NADH to form?
Ethanol
The NAD can continue to act as a coenzyme in Glycolysis
Photosynthesis (Reactants - Word and chemical formula) -
6CO2 + 6H20 ->
Carbon dioxide + Water
Photosynthesis (Products - Word and chemical formula) -
-> C6H1206 + 602
Glucose + oxygen
Two stages of photosynthesis are?
Light dependent and independent stage.
Light dependent stage is what kind of photophosphorylation?
Non-cyclic
