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Communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Communicable diseases definition -

A

Caused by infective organisms known as pathogens.

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2
Q

Plant diseases can be -

A

Ring rot, tobacco mosaic virus, potato blight and black sigatoka.

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3
Q

Ring rot disease (plant) -

A

Bacterial disease in potatoes and tomatoes caused by gram positive bacteria. Damages leaves, tubers and fruits.

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4
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus (plant) -

A

Virus diseases that infects tobacco plants, reduces its yield, almost lead to total crop loss.

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5
Q

Potato blight (plant) -

A

Protoctista disease, Hyphae penetrate host cells destroying leaves, tubers and fruit.

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6
Q

Black sigatoka (plant) -

A

Fungal disease attacks and destroys the leaves, the hyphae penetrate and digest the cells turning them black.

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7
Q

Tuberculosis (TB) (animal) -

A

Bacterial disease damages lung tissue and suppresses the immune system, people with HIV/AIDs are more likely to have TB.

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8
Q

HIV/AIDs (animals) -

A

Viral infection, target T helper cells in the immune system, gradually weakening it making it more vulnerable to other diseases. Interferes with the hosts DNA coming from a single stranded RNA.

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9
Q

Malaria (animals) -

A

Viral infection, of the ciliated epithelial cells in the gas exchange system, kills them leaving airways open to secondary infection.

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10
Q

Malaria (animals) -

A

Protist - caused by protoctista plasmodium spread bites of a vector, complex life cycle and reproduce in the female mosquito where they need to take 2 blood meals to provide her with the protein allowing her to lay eggs it invades red blood cells.

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11
Q

Athletes foot (animal) -

A

Human fungal disease, form of human ring worm which grows and digests on the warmth of moist skin between the toes becomes itchy and sore, antifungal cremes are good.

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12
Q

Direct transmission of communicable diseases is?

A

Pathogen being directly transferred from one individual to another.

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13
Q

Direct contact of transmission between animals - (humans)

A

Kissing or any contact with bodily fluids and many sexually transmitted diseases.
Direct skin contact, like athletes foot.
Microorganisms from faeces to direct contact.
Ingestion - taking in contaminated food or drink.
Inoculation - break in the skin for example during sex resulting in HIV/AIDs, Animals bite (rabies)

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14
Q

Indirect transmission -

A

Where pathogen travels from one individual to another indirectly.

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15
Q

Indirect transmission examples -

A

Fomites - inanimate objects such as bedding or socks.
Inhalation - saliva and mucous expelled from the mouth.
Vectors - Take such pathogens from one host to another. Genuinely mosquitos or water.

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16
Q

Factors affecting the transmission of communicable diseases - (humans)

A
  • Nutrition
  • Overcrowding
  • Compromised immune system
  • Socioeconomic factors.
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17
Q

Direct contact of transmission in plants -

A

Direct contact of any healthy plant with a diseased plant with ring rot or potato blight.

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18
Q

Vectors in plants -

A

Spores of bacteria can be carried in the wind, spores of water can be used to.

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19
Q

Factors affecting transmission of diseases in plants-

A
  • Damp, warm conditions help the survival and spread of pathogens.
  • Planting crops that are susceptible to diseases
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20
Q

Physical defences of plants when responding to an attack -

A

When plants are attacked by pathogens they set up extra mechanical defences, produce high levels of callose. It is understood to be involved in a number of defences - It is usually deposited between the cell walls, which act as barriers preventing the pathogens from entering the cell. Also blocks sieve plates in phloem and plasmodesmata between infected cells reducing the rate of transmission between cells. Large amounts of lignin are produced.

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21
Q

Chemical defences of a plant when a pathogen attacks -

A
  • Deposit of general toxins like cyanide which is toxic to most living things
  • insecticides like pyrethrins which act as neurotoxins.
  • Antifungal compounds.
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22
Q

Non specific animal defences against pathogens is?

A

Skin (body), inflammatory response and blood clotting.

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23
Q

Skin (body has number of barriers to keep out the entry of pathogens) -

A
  • Skin flora of healthy microorganism which out compete pathogens
  • Skin produces sebum, an oily substance that inhibits the growth of pathogens
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24
Q

Other body defences -

A
  • Airways of gas exchange are lined with a mucous membrane that secrete sticky mucus which traps microorganisms.
  • In general expulsive reflexes which eject the the pathogen from the gas exchange system through coughing and sneezing.
    These are what cause such transmissions between others.
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25
Q

Blood clotting of wound repair -

A

Skin is breached and pathogens can enter the body.

The blood clots rapidly to seal the wound when platelets come into contact with collagen in skin or the wall several substances adhere there.

Thromboplastin - results in the formation of blood clot.
Serotonin - Which makes the smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels.

Clot dries out forming a scab that keeps pathogens out.

26
Q

Inflammatory response -

A

Localised at the site of wounds and its characteristics are pain, heat, redness and swelling of tissue. Mast cells are activated and release chemicals of cytokines and histamines.

Histamines - blood vessels dilate the raised temperature causes a prevention of pathogens reproducing.
Cytokines - attract white blood cells to the site of infection and dispose of pathogens by phagocytosis.

27
Q

Non-specific defences - getting rid of pathogens this occurs due to the failure of non-specific defences of skin and blood clotting as?

A

Pathogens are inside the body.

28
Q

Fevers as non-specific defence inside the body -

A

Normal bodily temperature is around 37 degrees, when pathogens invade cytokines stimulate your hypothalamus to increase the temperature this is useful because:

  • Most pathogens reproduce best at or below 37 degrees so higher temperatures inhibit the reproduction.
  • The specific immune system works better at higher temperatures.
29
Q

Stage 1 of phagocytosis -

A

Pathogens produce chemicals which attract phagocytes.

29
Q

Phagocytes -

A

Specialised white blood cell that engulf and destroy pathogens, two main types are neutrophils and macrophages. Build up at the site of infection. 5 stages.

30
Q

Phagocytosis stage 2 -

A

Phagocytes recognise non-human proteins on pathogen understands that is a non self cell.

31
Q

Stage 3 of phagocytosis -

A

The phagocyte engulfs the pathogen and encloses it in a vacuole called a phagosome.

32
Q

Stage 4 of phagocytosis -

A

The phagosome holding the pathogen combines with a lysosome which forms a phagolysosome.

33
Q

Stage 5 of phagocytosis -

A

Enzymes from the lysosome digest and destroy the pathogen.

34
Q

Opsonins in pathogens -

A

Chemicals which bind to pathogens and tag them so they can be easily more recognisable from phagocytes. Phagocytes have receptors on their membrane which bind to opsonins and then they engulf the phagocyte.

35
Q

Antigens trigger an immune response which involves the production of?

A

Antigens trigger an immune response which involves the production of the polypeptide antibodies.

36
Q

Antibodies anatomy (shape) -

A
  • Y shaped glycoproteins called immunoglobins
  • Which bind to a specific on the pathogen or toxin which is triggered
  • Two identical polypeptide heavy chains and two much shorter chains called light chains
  • Chains are held together by disulphide bridges.
37
Q

How do antibodies defend the body -

A

The antibody of the antigen-antibody complex acts as an opsonin so the complex is easily engulfed and digested by phagocytes and most pathogens cannot invade the host cell wen a part of the antigen-antibody complex. Act as agglutinins which pathogens of the antigen-antibody complex to clump together so the phagocytosis can break more down at the same time. Act as anti-toxins by binding to the toxins produced by the pathogens makes them harmless.

38
Q

Lymphocytes are based on the white blood cells used in the immune system where are B and T lymphocytes produced?

A

B = bone marrow
T = Thymus gland

39
Q

Main types of T lymphocytes (state) -

A

T helper cells, killer cells, memory cells and T regulator cells. (clues are in the name for use)

40
Q

T helper cells -

A

Produce interleukins which are a type of cytokine (cell signalling molecule), increase the activity of B cells and increase antibody production, stimulates macrophages to ingest pathogens.

41
Q

T-killer cells (perforin)-

A

Destroy the pathogen carrying the antigen, produce a chemical called perforin, makes holes in the membrane so its freely permeable.

42
Q

T-memory cells -

A

Part of the immunological memory of living a long time, if they meet an antigen a second time they produce more rapidly a huge number of clones of T killer cells that destroy the pathogen.

43
Q

T-regulator cells -

A

These regulate the immune system and stop the immune response once a pathogen has been eliminated.

44
Q

Main B lymphocytes are?

A

Plasma cells, B effector and B memory cells.

45
Q

Plasma cells -

A

Produce antibodies to a particular antigen and release them into circulation.

46
Q

B effector cells -

A

Divide to form the plasma cell clones.

47
Q

B memory cells -

A

Provide the immunological memory, they enable the remembering of a specific antigen and enable the body to make a rapid response when a pathogen carrying an antigen is encountered again.

48
Q

Cell mediated immunity steps -

A
  1. Non-specific defence system, macrophages engulf and digest pathogens, the process the antigens from the surface of the antigen to form antigen-presenting cells.
  2. Receptors on T-cells help fit the antigens which produce interleukins stimulating more T cells to divided by mitosis.
  3. The cloned T cells may help with:
    - Becoming T memory cells which give a rapid response if pathogens invade again
    - Produce interleukins stimulating phagocytosis and B cells to divide.
49
Q

Humoral immunity regards -

A

An immune response of antigens found outside cells.

50
Q

Humoral immunity (clonal selection and expansion) -

A

Activated T helper cells bind to the B cell APC, clonal selection, the point at which B cell with the correct antibody to overcome a particular antigen is selected for cloning. The activated B cell divides by mitosis to give clones of plasma cells and B memory cells, this is called clonal expansion.

51
Q

Primary response -

A

Closed plasma cells produce antibodies that fit the antigens on the surface of the pathogen, bind to the antigen and disable them or act as opsonins or agglutinins.

52
Q

Secondary immune response -

A

Cloned B cells develop into B memory, if the body is infected by the same pathogen again, the B cells divide rapidly form plasma cell clones. They produce the right antibody and wipe out the symptom of the disease.

53
Q

Autoimmune disease -

A

Stops recognising self cells and starts to attack healthy bodily tissue.

54
Q

Arthritis as autoimmune disease -

A

Affected region - especially in the hands, wrists, ankles and feat.

55
Q

Natural immunity -

A
  • When your body first recognises a pathogen, the immune system is activated and antibodies form produces T and B memory cells so when recognised again it can be easily broken down, this is natural.
56
Q

Natural Active immunity -

A

Known as active as the body has itself acted to produce antibodies or lymphocytes.

57
Q

Artificial immunity -

A

Something which requires medical assistance, where medical science can give us immunity to some life threatening diseases.

58
Q

Natural passive immunity -

A

Where some antibodies cross the placenta to the baby as it cannot develop antibodies for a while, or they are given in such milk. The first milk in a mother makes colostrum which is high in antibodies.

59
Q

Artificial passive immunity -

A

Certain life threatening diseases, antibodies are formed in another and then injected to the bloodstream of another.

60
Q

Artificial active immunity -

A

Where the body is stimulated itself to makes its won antibodies from an injection most common is a vaccine. Can last a long time when injected in the bloodstream. The pathogen is made safe in one of a number of ways.

61
Q

Some medicinal drugs derived from living organisms -

A

Penicillin (Alexander Fleming) - Extracted from mould growing on melons, the first effective treatment against many bacterial diseases.

Biology (15 decks)

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