Transport In Animals

Question 1

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 1

Transport.

Defence by clotting, engulfing microbes, and producing antibodies to kill microbes.

Spreading heat around the body to create a stable environment for body cells.

Question 2

What does blood transport?

Answer 2

Nutrients
Urea
Hormones
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

Question 3

What is plasma?

Answer 3

Yellowish liquid with substances suspended in it.
Transports cells, platelets, and other materials.

Question 4

What are red blood cells?

Answer 4

Cells which contain iron rich haemoglobin. Biconcave in shape with a large surface area, doesn’t contain a nucleus.

Question 5

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 5

White blood cells that produce antibodies.

Question 6

What are phagocytes?

Answer 6

White blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria via phagocytosis. Can migrate through the walls of blood vessels into tissues.

Question 7

What are antibodies?

Answer 7

Small structures that are complimentary to the shape of antigens on specific microbes. Causes some microbes to stick together so phagocytes can ingest them, and causes others to burst.

Question 8

What are platelets?

Answer 8

Tiny cell fragments that aid in the clotting of blood.
Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin when exposed to air.
This fibrin forms an insoluble mesh of fibres across the wound, catching cells within them and forming a clot.

Question 9

What are the features of arteries?

Answer 9

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary artery)
Blood under high pressure
Very thick muscular walls with elastic fibres
Walls stretch and recoil with every pump of blood
Have a narrow lumen

Question 10

What are the features of veins?

Answer 10

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except the pulmonary vein)
Blood under low pressure
Blood moved by muscles in arms and legs squeezing on veins.
Posses valves to prevent back flow.
Walls have thinner elastic muscle layer.
Have a large lumen for blood to flow through.

Question 11

What are the features of capillaries?

Answer 11

Link arteries and veins.
Travel in between cells to allow nutrients and oxygen to diffuse in and waste products to diffuse out.
Blood moves slowly under low pressure
Walls one cell thick
Wide enough for blood cells to travel single file.

Question 12

Label the major vessels of the circulatory system (use notes).

Answer 12

Ok.

Question 13

Label the exterior of the heart (use notes)

Answer 13

Ok

Question 14

What is the function of the right and left atria?

Answer 14

Right atria collects deoxygenated blood via the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle

Left atria collects oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and pumps it into the left ventricle

Question 15

What are the functions of the right and left ventricles?

Answer 15

Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. It has much thicker walls than the right ventricle.

Question 16

Label a diagram of the inside of the heart (check notes).

Answer 16

Ok.

Question 17

How does the heart rate and cardiac output compare between a fit and unfit person?

Answer 17

A fit heart has a slower resting heart rate and a greater volume of blood pumped with each beat than an unfit heart.

During exercise, a fit heart rate doesn’t increase to as high a level and returns to normal faster than in an unfit heart.

Question 18

What is cardiac output?

Answer 18

Volume of blood pumped per minute.

Question 19

How would you go about dissecting a mammalian heart?

Answer 19

1. Set up your specimen on a dissection board.
2. Use the correct dissection instruments e.g. scalpel, scissors, wooden seeker.
3. Use disposable gloves.
4. Identify the dorsal (flatter top surface) and ventral (rounder bottom surface)
5. Make two incisions using the scalpel, down either side of the main carotid blood vessels which run at an angle down the surface of the ventricles on the ventral surface.
6. Open the left side of the heart to expose:
   The very thick muscle of the ventricle
   The position and texture of the bicuspid valve
   The heart strings or tendons
   The papillary muscle
   The opening of the main blood vessel leaving the left ventricle
   Locate the semi lunar valves at the join between the left ventricle and dorsal aorta.
   Observe the difference in appearance between the muscle of the heart and of the aorta.